Ethanol on the heart rate

Ethanol on the heart rate Effects of different concentrations of ethanol on the heart rate of the water flea In this experiment I will be looking at the effects of different concentrations of ethanol on the heart rate of the water flea, Daphnia because using humans in a study to test the effects of Ethanol on heart rate would not be ethical. Daphnia, like many animals, are prone to alcohol intoxication, and make excellent subjects for studying the effects of the depressant on the nervous system due to the translucent exoskeleton, and the visibly altered heart rate.Ethanol is a small molecule, RMM of 43, so it crosses cell membranes by simple diffusion. The exoskeleton of Daphnia is not waterproof, so there are no waterproof waxy layers to cross. The gills are particularly thin-walled and optimised for diffusion. They live in various aquatic environments ranging from acidic swamps to freshwater lakes, ponds, streams and rivers. They are tolerant of being observed live under a microscope and appear to suffer no harm when returned to open water. The experiment consists in preparing 5 different environments to put the water flea in, and observe how the heart rate responds to each change; the change will be the increase of ethanol concentration %. This will be the independent variable. The dependent variable is the heart rate of the Daphnia. Hypothesis : Ethanol will decrease the heart rate of the Daphnia. Null Hypothesis : Ethanol will have no effect on the heart rate of the Daphnia. I will change the concentration of my Ethanol solution by dilution and will therefore plot a graph. In addition, a correlation and ANOVA test will be calculated to determine the relationship (If any) between the concentration of Ethanol and the heart rate of the Daphnia. I have taken into consideration factors that will affect my overall conclusion Factors: Size of Daphnia The size of the Daphnia will affect its absorption of Ethanol and also the metabolism of the drug in the liver. Different rates of metabolism will result in different heart rates. As a result I must ensure that I choose Daphnia which are the same size when conducting repeats. I will use a highly sensitive scale to confirm that both daphnia are of equal body mass. Time kept in ethanol solution The Daphnia must be kept in the Petri dish full of ethanol solution for a specific amount of time. If they are kept in the solution for too long they will become intoxicated which will result in abnormal heart beats that are hard to measure although they must be kept in the solution long enough for sufficient absorption of Ethanol. Each Daphnia will stay in the ethanol solution for exactly 3 minutes so that an equal volume of ethanol is absorbed. Activity of Daphnia Some Daphnia tend to be more active than others and these will have a higher heart rate compared to ones that are idle. After allowing the Daphnia to swim in a specific solution of ethanol I will place them on a cavity slide so that I can observe the heart rate with a microscope. As I will be using a pipette to transfer the Daphnia from the Petri dish to the cavity slide excess fluid will be found on the slide which must be removed with tissue so that all Daphnia remain idle/immobile and not active I.e. swimming on the slide. This will also allow me to measure the heart rate with ease which reduces the likelihood of human error. Time left under the microscope If the Daphnia are left under the microscope for too long they will become stressed due to the heat of the microscope light and this will increase the heart rate of the Daphnia due to the secretion of adrenaline therefore I must ensure that the microscope is switched off when not in use. The cavity slides must be allowed to cool down before using them again as they tend to heat up. Impurities on cavity slide Traces of impurities including ethanol from a previous experiment may be left on the cavity slide which may slightly affect the heart rate of the Daphnia therefore the slide must be cleaned and dried thoroughly before each repeat. Alternatively, a new slide may be used for each repeat. The materials needed to perform this experiment are the following: Normal size syringe 2 Small syringes (must have units of measurement) Open top pipette Ethanol of 1% concentration Various Daphnia to perform experiment on Microscope 6 Petri dishes Cavity slide Marker Kleenex tissue for absorbing excess liquid Scale Stopwatch Method : 1. The first thing that has to be done is the preparation of the different solutions where the Daphnia will be placed. To do this you will need the small syringe, and 5 Petri dishes. It is very advisable to have labels. The first Petri dish will contain 0% Ethanol, in other words just water. With a small syringe, take 10 ml of distilled water (the use of distilled water is important as you will be removing any materials that may have an effect on the Daphnia heart rate) and place it in the Petri dish. The syringe you just used will only be used with water and not for the Ethanol. Put a 0% label on the Petri dish in order to keep track of the different concentrations you will be making. The next Petri dish will contain 0.2% ethanol concentration, and you will make concentrations going up to 0.8%, so: 0.2 %: With the other small syringe (this one will only be used for ethanol), add 2 ml of the 1% Ethanol, to 8 ml of distilled water 0.4 %: Add 4 ml of the 1% ethanol, to 6 ml of distilled water 0.6%: Add 6 ml of the 1% ethanol, to 4 ml of distilled water 0.8%: Add 8 ml of the 1% ethanol, to 2 ml of distilled water remember to label each concentration accordingly 2. Set your microscope up, put it on medium magnification. Do not turn it on yet because the light of the microscope can heat up the environment where you will be observing the Daphnia. It is important to try to keep the temperature of the experiment as stable as possible. Heat may modify the Daphnia heart rate, and the effect of heat on the heart rate is not the purpose of this experiment. 3. Now it is time to pick out one Daphnia from the glass or container where you put all of them in. It is important to use only one throughout this whole experiment because different animals may present variations in their response to different environments. With the open top pipette, try to pick out a Daphnia which is not too small, as it will be harder to observe the heart rate if it is small. Once you have managed to take one out, place it in the remaining empty Petri dish. Take the normal size syringe and very carefully suck the Daphnia in with as least water possible. The objective is to have the Daphnia right at the tip of the syringe. Squirt the Daphnia out into the cavity slide. It is very important to put the Daphnia in with the least water possible, in order to prevent it from moving too much. It is recommended to try to squirt it out with only one drop of water, as this will keep it alive, but immobile. Use tissue to remove excess fluid. Put the slide under the microscope. Turn the microscope on. 4. Make sure you can see the Daphnia clearly under the microscope, once you are happy with the image, look for the heart: 7 is the heart. If you can see the heart, and can keep track of its beating, put the Daphnia, with the normal sized, syringe into the 0% labelled Petri dish. Wash the microscope slide with water and dry it. Turn the microscope off. 5. Keep the Daphnia in the Petri dish for 3 minutes, this lets it adapt do the conditions and also increases the probability of it surviving the whole experiment. With the normal size syringe take it out of the Petri dish and put it onto the microscope slide, make sure that it is practically immobile (by making sure that you squirted the least amount of water possible) and put it under the microscope. Turn the microscope on. 6. Get the paper and marker ready. Look into the microscope and make sure you can count the heart beat. Get someone to count 15 seconds with the stop watch. During 15 seconds, tap the paper with the marker each time the heart beats, after this, count the number of dots on the paper. Multiply this number by four; this gives you the heart rate per minute. Record the result. Do this process 3 times in order to get 3 heart rates. Add the 3 heart rates and then divide the result by 3; this will give you the average of the Daphnia heart rate under those conditions. Keep the Daphnia under the microscope for a maximum of 2 minutes, because the heat of the light in the microscope could have effects on the experiment. Turn the microscope off after the count to prevent further heating caused by the light. 7. Remove the slide from the microscope, and with the normal size syringe put the Daphnia into the 0.2% labelled Petri dish (wash the slide with water and dry it). Leave the Daphnia in the Petri dish for 3 minutes once again. After 3 minutes, use the normal sized syringe to put it onto the microscope slide. Repeat step 6 and record results. 8. Count the heart rate of the Daphnia when placed in all the concentrations. Work your way up from 0% to 0.2% to 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%. Make sure you rinse and dry the slide with the distilled water after each time. You must start from the lowest concentration up to the highest concentration because the Daphnia has to gradually adapt to the changes, you will be reducing the probability of it dying. Another reason for this is that if you start at the highest concentration, the impact on the Daphnia will be too dramatic and you will not see any trends once you try a lower concentration, it will have an effect of intoxication. Remember to repeat each count 3 times to obtain an average of the heart rate. Keep the Daphnia under the microscope during the same amount of time for each concentration, this will ensure that if there was any type of effect from the light under the microscope, all tests will be fair because they were under the exact same conditions. It is possible for the Daphnia to die during these tests; this is why you must have acquired a fair amount of Daphnia, in order to have back-ups. 9. Repeat this experiment once or twice with different Daphnia, in this way you will be able to analyse any trends present in the experiment more accurately. I will use the following tables to record the results of this experiment: Averages will be calculated for both experiments and the results will be organised in a separate table. My conclusion will be based on these averages because they are more representative. Modifications made to method: The Daphnia used in the first experiment died after being placed on the cavity slide from the 0.6% ethanol solution probably due to the lack of fluid on the slide so I had to restart the experiment using another Daphnia. No one was available to count 15 seconds with a stopwatch so I had to use my mobile phone which beeped after 15 seconds prompting me stop counting the number of heart beats. Results

Perceptions of health, disability, illness and behaviour

Perceptions of health, disability, illness and behaviour PERCEPTIONS OF HEALTH, DISABILITY, ILLNESS AND BEHAVIOUR How health and social care users relate to the concepts of impairment and challenging behaviours Users of health and social care are usually in need of social care depending on the nature and intensity of their illness. Disabled individuals like Mr. Holland Park are why the importance of the underlying relationships between health, disability and illnesses must be understood and further develop strategies that will ensure better quality of life for him and other users alike. Severe medical conditions can result in limited access to proper healthcare; even as many in the general public have the misconception about how healthcare is received by individuals with disabilities. Recent laws and policies by the government like the Disability Discrimination Act, which covers all community health care services and hospitals compels service providers to make specific adjustments to healthcare practices, and also to ascertain the practicality of these adjustments is directed towards users with specific needs as is the case with Mr. Holland Park. Impact of past and present policies and legislations on available healthcare services Mr. Holland Park is currently a member of a family that cares for him for very much hence it is typical for other members of his family to worry about his wellbeing in any care home he lives in. In the past, legislations and social policies are developed in general terms that encompasses every health and social sector with policies affecting the general public and everyone residing within the United Kingdom. However, changes that been made over the years to suit specific aspects of the community, and precise laws are developed and others redefined to guarantee that every individual regardless of their medical condition, race, social class, religion or ethnicity receives the best care available. Mr. Holland Park is over a certain age and may be worried about being subjected to any kind of abuse or neglect due to his health. This is because the society may sometimes be unwelcoming to behaviours exhibited by individuals with certain illness, as some exhibit behaviours that may view as strange and unusual. This is why the legislations are defined in such a way that people, especially workers of care homes must abandon the general negative perceptions about disabled users, and commit only to the provision of suitable and adequate health care services to such individuals. The family of Mr. Holland Park will have nothing to worry about as every kind of misconception about any kind of illness will be overlooked and the best care made available for him in this care home or whichever one as the policies are well monitored and regular unannounced checks are done to certify adherence to these legislations. The promotion and protection of disability rights has been improved majorly in the United Kingdom, making the United Kingdom a pioneer in liaison of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). Policies and Legislation in recent years Under the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA 1995), it is a violation of law to discriminate against disabled people in areas of including provision of services, employment, goods or facilities. Hence making it an obligation for service providers to ensure sensible modifications are made to engage disabled individuals in using their services. Consequent modifications were made via derivative legislations like Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Amendment) Regulations 2003 through principal legislation like the Disability Discrimination Act 2005 and Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001. These acts made provision for a Disability Equality Duty making it a responsibility for public authorities to take passive roles in the promotion of fairness in treatment of disabled people. The Human Rights Act 1998 calls for the need for every public authority to operate in a way which is attuned with the rights put in place in the European Convention on Human Rights. Should public authorities fall short, affected individuals and their families are permitted to seek a judicial remedy. Public authorities include central social and health care homes, National Health Service (NHS) and their trusts, Government, and most providers of public services. In recent times, there is a more direct approach to the UK anti-discrimination legislation via the Equality Act 2010 which annulled and replaced the DDA in Great Britain alone. This Act not only encompasses the protection of disabled individuals from any kind of segregation, but also applied modifications to certain responsibilities of the public authorities regarding the participation of disabled individuals in policy decisions. The Equality 2025 was created in 2006 as a government has a themed goal ‘Improving the Life Chances of Disabled People’ with a year 2025 target for disabled individual living in Britain to the treated as equal members of the society and have full access to develop their quality of life. It is particularly designed to assist disabled people attain independent living by moving gradually towards individual budgets that will bring together various services they will be entitled to and giving them various choices over diverse support from either direct provision of services and/or money. HOW HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE SERVICES SUPPORT INDIVIDUALS WITH SPECIFIC NEEDS Available care needs for Mr. Holland Park Mr. Holland Park being an elderly man in the early stages of dementia and additional visual and hearing disabilities means he will be needing special attention as his behaviours might sometimes be queer, and at other serious times sporadic and violent. The care home will be focused on providing assistance that will uphold his independence and therefore enable his stability whilst receiving dependable services that will suit his individual needs. Provision of audio-visual equipment will assist Mr. Holland Park to make the best of his little sight. This will be after a proper assessment has been carried out by professionals to determine the seriousness of his blindness. As he is also hearing impaired, it will be best to make sure that he moves around the care home safely by having rotational care staff check on his whereabouts on a regular basis and a log kept to this effect. Also, he will need to participate in regular activities to keep him in good spirit. Being partially deaf-blind can be challenging for Mr. Holland Park as he may sometimes feel less capable, it is the duty of our care home to ensure that he feels less challenged by engaging him in peer group activities that involves other service users. This way, he feels more active and energetic and he can take his mind off any heavy thought of being a burden to others. The most important factor to providing the best care services to Mr. Holland Park is that the care staffs will never regard his challenging behaviours as a form of challenge, but will work towards providing him with a comfortable lifestyle by ensuring his hygiene is well taken care of. Also, his laundry will be done for him and meals and drinks will be prepared as he wants it on a timely basis and he will have a variety of menu of choose from. Should he be entitled to any benefits, we will make it our duty to assist him in claiming these benefits for him and the family and provide any necessary references or letters to state that he is under our care. Available local services to support Mr. Holland Park and his family Disabled individuals like Mr. Holland Park with dementia care are eligible for Special Rehabilitation Services that are provided by Disability Service Teams via direct referrals from health care providers. He and his family will benefit from this service as it will help to develop his independence and quality of life. A register for blind and partially blind are kept by the local authority, for provision of further assistance with the Eye Care Trust, and Mr. Holland Park is entitled to receive subsidised and mostly free consultation and treatment, and extra support should he choose to register. The Alzheimer’s Society is an organisation that assists individuals with dementia (as is the case with Mr. Holland Park) and is supported by the National Health Service (NHS) and Community Care 1990, to assess his needs and provide certain services as required. His family will benefit from subsequent aids and care that will not affect their budget heavily. Powers of Attorney It is possible sometime in the future when Mr. Holland Park’s symptoms become very serious and he is unable to decide on his finances or medical treatment. It is best to make arrangements for this by drawing up different Lasting Powers of Attorney- the first to take care of financial decisions and the other to handle health and welfare decisions. Mr. Holland Park will need to appoint a trusted member of the family to act on his behalf should his disability get to this extent. You can find out more information about this, you can call AGE UK or Carers Direct. APPROACHES AND INTERVENTION STRATEGIES FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH SPECIFIC NEEDS Intervention strategies for Mr. Holland Park who is the early stages of dementia focuses primarily on tackling the cognitive symptoms that can lead to erratic behaviours. The effectiveness of these interventions will help to enhance his individual functioning and reduce stress, depression or agitation which is common in individuals experiencing disability. The best therapy applied to Mr. Holland Park and other service users alike was to promote his independence and this boosted his confidence and willingness not just to survive but to live an active daily life and make the best of his body. The promotion of independence will delay or change the later stages of dementia which is usually much harder to manage. Independence in Mr. Holland Park was encouraged by engaging him in reasonable activities up to any level he can tolerate. Also, a balance of maintained for him across personal care and productive leisure, while monitoring his tolerance level. Potential impact of emerging developments on service users with specific needs It is critical to access the needs and strengths of service users with specific needs to determine the effectiveness of interventions implemented. The best strategies are accessed through initial stages and the environment was considered to determine the continuity and they include: Effective communication: Communication strategies applied involved using non-verbal cues and language and sentence structure to integrate high level of individual comprehension and enhanced sensory abilities. Effective communication is essential to the provision of high value health and social care. Without it there cannot be a significant coordination amongst service users and carers. Poor communication is frequently a considerable causative reason for complaint against Health and Social Care organisations and is the basis of numerous depressing user experiences. Involvement of individuals with challenging behaviours and their carers in the planning, delivery and monitoring of services ascertains that the care and support received meets their desires and objectives. Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Skills Training: ADL involved accessing users’ abilities, impairments and task performance to understand the psychological factors inhibiting their capabilities. Skills training are carefully assessed during activities that focus on empowering users to independently carry out ADL tasks. During the programmes, users are required to complete individual tasks with minimal assistance. Minimal assistance provided include: visual gestures, facial expressions, physical direction and partial physical assistance. The potential impact of the development of these strategies is the provision of vital support to effective improvement in health of service users, especially disabled users. There is improved strength through empowerment of independence and mobility and increased endurance levels. Also the physical performance of the users is improved significantly. Another essential benefit of these support systems is the maintenance of functional capabilities of users with physical or communication impairments. STRATEGIES FOR COPING WITH CHALLENGING BEHAVIOURS Concepts of challenging behaviours The relationship that exists between challenging behaviours is mostly viewed as a disorder of some form. There is no such thing as an analytical meaning for challenging behaviour but it can be categorized in various forms including psychological disorder, learning disability, mental illness and many others. A functional disorder of some form generalises the concept of challenging behaviours but will never fully define it. Challenging behaviour is an expressive concept, which is mainly socially created, and its definition is dependent on changes in social norms and provision of service cross geological areas. The expression itself carries no analytical meaning, and no presumption about the aetiology of the behaviour is made. Challenging behaviour may not relate to psychiatric disorder, but can also be a major or resultant symptom of it. Challenging behaviour is a moderately objective phrase that has apparent phenomenon. However, this is not the case with most mental illnesses, many of which depends on self-report by the individual for proper analysis. The need of an established expression in individuals with challenging behaviours has caused problems concerning suitable expressions. Different terms like: ‘mental disorder’, ‘mental illness’, ‘emotional distress’ have been utilised inter-changeably e.g. ‘mental illness’. Potential impact of challenging behaviours on health and social care organisations Managing the potential impact of challenging behaviours does not lie on one organisation, but rather a collective responsibility of every member of the health and social care system. That is how much impact the challenging behaviours of individuals have affected the health and social sector. This is because different people exhibit various disorders at diverse stages and severity ; hence the effective reason why organisations must work much harder to ensure that every individual is well taken care of regardless of his or her disability. Organisations have been made to build larger and more effective workforce and research on increased skills and improved knowledge have been carried out. Cost impact The continuing occurrence of challenging behaviours in various individuals has had its impact on cost as the weekly care ranges from over  £200 to as much as  £1600 depending on the severity. In other words, the care services offer to individuals is relative to the features of the care settings and the cost implication. It will always cost more to take care of people with severe challenging behaviours and the greater levels implying that organisations will need to increase their budget on regular basis to adapt to new fiscal year. Eventually, these cost implications will mean that larger facilities must be built and the weekly expenses are likely to increase over the years. Strategies for working with challenging behaviours Managing challenging behaviours involves intervention strategies that must recognise and take note of individual’s past and present experiences and must also maintain a standard environment. One of the things that must be noted is that it is inappropriate to label any service user with the term ‘challenging behaviours’ as this is very derogatory and changed the perspective they are related with. Also, the mindset with which they feel about how they fit into the environment is changed should they get used to this label. Intervention strategies Depending on how serious the behavioural problem is, intervention strategies are in different categories: Biological intervention: This deals with analysis of the causes of the particular behaviour. This will mostly require professional assistance in order to source and prescribe proper medication and treatment. Social intervention: This elemental intervention involves encouraging communities to involve disabled people in social activities so as to make them feel welcomed within the society. Counselling: This is usually an intervention suitable for individuals with moderate disability. The counselling will involve different behavioural methods like anger-management and relaxation therapy, for possible effect. There is no clear indication as to whether direct or indirect counselling methods will work with individuals that show high level of challenging behaviours like aggression. Psychotherapy: For over 50 years, psychotherapy has been in practice as a form of management and treatment for people experiencing challenging behaviours. The effectiveness may sometimes vary depending on the level of aggression displayed by the person. There is a surprisingly long history of psychotherapy with Cognitive therapies: This kind of therapy is suitable for people whose behaviours are based on personal experiences. The therapist works on improving the behaviour of the individual by changing his/her insight and perception of life. SELF EVALUATION

Dyslexia :: essays research papers

"Dyslexia" DYSLEXIA General information Imagine if my report was written like this: Dyslexia is wehn yuor midn gets wodrs mixde pu. If you were dyslexic, that's how you might read my report. The word dyslexia is derived from the Greek "dys" (meaning poor or inadequate) and "lexis" (word or language). Dyslexia is a learning disability characterized by problems in expressive or receptive, oral or written language. It is characterized by extreme difficulty learning and remembering letters, written or spoken words, and individual letter sounds. Extremely poor spelling and illegible handwriting are common symptoms. Problems may emerge in reading, spelling, writing, speaking, or listening. Dyslexia is not a disease, therefore it doesn't have a cure. Dyslexia describes a different kind of mind, often gifted and productive, that learns differently. During my extensive research of this topic, I have become very interested and sympathetic for people who have it. Dyslexia is not the result of low intelligence. The problem is not behavioral, psychological, motivational, or social. It is not a problem of vision; people with dyslexia do not "see backward." Dyslexia results from the differences in the structure and function of the brain. People with dyslexia are unique; each having individual strengths and weaknesses. Many dyslexics are creative and have unusual talent in areas such as art, athletics, architecture, graphics, electronics, mechanics, drama, music, or engineering. Dyslexics often show special talent in areas that require visual, spatial, and motor skills. Their problems in language processing distinguish them as a group. This means that the dyslexic has problems translating language to thought (as listening or reading) or thought to language (as in writing or speaking). Dyslexics sometimes reverse letters and words (b for d, saw for was). In speech, some dyslexics reverse meanings (hot for cold, front seat for back seat) or word sounds (merove for remove). Here is a test to see if you have any signs of dyslexia. Few dyslexics show all the signs of the disorder. Here are some of the most common signs: * Lack of awareness of sounds in words, sound order, rhymes, or sequence syllables * Difficulty decoding words - single word identification * Difficulty encoding words - spelling * Poor sequencing of numbers, of letters in words, when read or written, e.g.; b-d; sing - sign; left - felt; soiled - solid; 12-21 * Problems with reading comprehension * Difficulty expressing thought in written form * Delayed spoken language * Imprecise or incomplete interpretation of language that is heard * Difficulty in expressing thoughts orally * Confusion about directions in space or time (right and left, up and down,

European Animals The Major Part They Took In Forever Altering the Ecology of the Americas :: essays papers

European Animals The Major Part They Took In Forever Altering the Ecology of the Americas Although the Europeans presence in the Americas from 1492 to many years later caused drastic change in the environment, their part in forever altering the entire American ecosystem was minor when compared to the part of the true criminals: the European animals. The introduction of these European animals into the New World had the most destructive effects on the new environment and everlastingly altered the ecology of the Americas. During the time that pre-dated the arrival of the Europeans, the Americas remained basically untouched and prevailed as virgin land. The land was populated with not just American Indians, but also populated by vast numbers of plants and animals. These inhabitants "lived, died, and bred alone for generation after generation, developing unique cultures and working out tolerances," that is up until 1492, when Columbus and the European conquerors invaded the harmonious land and instantaneously initiated the many long years of corruption. The arrival of the Europeans immediately brought drastic changes to the way things were previously done in the Americas; they "immediately set about to transform as much of the new world as possible into the old world." Because they were people who practiced mixed farming with a heavy emphasis on herding and because they saw only very few domesticated animals in the new land, the Europeans began the action of importing Old World domesticated animals, such as the pig, cow, and horse. This action could most definitely be described as "the greatest biological revolution in the Americas since the end of the Pleistocene era." The Europeans had no idea as to what they unleashed upon the New World when they introduced their domesticated animals. Many of these animals flourished in the new environment beyond the wildest hopes of their European masters. The animals and their diseases "moved through the virgin lands of America faster than did the people who had brought them to the New World." By surpassing their masters, the animals became unstoppable, and their destruction was unfortunately boundless. Pigs, for example, existed as one among the many animal groups that played such a significant role in the changes that wrought the ecology of the New World. Out of all of the imported animals, the pigs adapted quickest to the new environment.

Aestheticism: Philosophy of Beauty Essay

Aestheticism is presently defined by the Encyclopedia Britannica as â€Å"intended to designate a scientific doctrine or account of beauty, in nature and art, and for the enjoyment and originating beauty which exists in man†. In other words, aestheticism is a philosophy of beauty. An Aesthete has a great appreciation for nature. One may look at an object, place, or person and perceive it a different way than another person may perceive it. For an Aesthete to obtain pleasure, â€Å"it is the perspectives of perception that is necessary to an understanding of both appreciation and creation†. Aestheticism is a very deep and meaningful philosophy whose meaning has been changed and interpreted by many historical figures such as Alexander Baumgarten, Immanuel Kant, and Oscar Wilde. The philosophical discipline of aesthetics did not receive its name until 1735, when the twenty-one year old Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten introduced it in his Halle master’s thesis to mean episteme aisthetike, or the science of what is sensed and imagined. Initially, the focus of aestheticism was not so much on art as it was on the experience of, and judgments about, beauty in all its forms. Aesthetics is necessarily interdisciplinary and may be interpretive, prescriptive, descriptive, or a combination of these. The younger Baumgarten started at the university at sixteen (in 1730), and studied theology, philology, poetry, rhetoric, and philosophy, especially Leibniz, whose philosophy was not banned. He began teaching there himself in 1735, upon the acceptance of his thesis on poetry, and published his Metaphysics in 1739. In 1740, the same year as he published his Ethics, he was called to a professorship — or more precisely, ordered to accept it — at another Prussian university, in Frankfurt an der Oder. The first volume of his Aesthetica appeared in 1750. It was written in Latin, like Baumgarten’s other works, and was the first work ever to use the name of the new discipline as a title. The next year, however, Baumgarten’s health began to decline and a second volume of the Aestheticacame out only in 1758, under pressure from the publisher. Baumgarten’s Meditations on Poetry conclude with his famous introduction of the term â€Å"aesthetics†: â€Å"The Greek philosophers and the Church fathers have always carefully distinguished between the aistheta and the noeta,†that is, between objects of sense and objects of thought, and while the latter, that is, â€Å"what can be cognized through the higher faculty† of mind, are â€Å"the object of logic, the aistheta are the subject of the episteme aisthetike or AESTHETICS,† the science of perception. However, in the 18th century, the German philosopher Immanuel Kant defined aestheticism as both â€Å"the analysis of taste† and â€Å"the analysis of sensible cognition or intuition†. Immanuel Kant was a Prussian philosopher who is widely considered to be a central figure of modern philosophy. He argued that human concepts and categories structure our view of the world and its laws, and that reason is the source of morality. One part Kant’s philosophy of aestheticism was the â€Å"Deduction of Taste†, which instilled that everything interesting and fundamental happened in the formation of concepts, or in the receiving of intuitions. But now Kant argues that judgment itself, as a faculty, has an fundamental principle that governs it. This principle asserts the purposiveness of all phenomena with respect to our judgment. In other words, it assumes in advance that everything we experience can be tackled by our powers of judgment. Normally, we don’t even notice that this assumption is being made, we just apply concepts, and be done with it. But in the case of the beautiful, we do notice. This is because the beautiful draws particular attention to its purposiveness; but also because the beautiful has no concept of a purpose available, so that we cannot just apply a concept and be done with it. Instead, the beautiful forces us to grope for concepts that we can never find. And yet, nevertheless, the beautiful is not an alien and disturbing experience – on the contrary, it is pleasurable. The principle of purposiveness is satisfied, but in a new and unique way. For Kant, the other basic type of aesthetic experience is the sublime. The sublime names experiences like violent storms or huge buildings which seem to overwhelm us; that is, we feel we ‘cannot get our head around them’. This is either mainly ‘mathematical’ – if our ability to intuit is overwhelmed by size (the huge building) – or ‘dynamical’ – if our ability to will or resist is overwhelmed by force (e. g. the storm). The problem for Kant here is that this experience seems to directly contradict the principle of the purposiveness of nature for our judgment. And yet, Kant notes, one would expect the feeling of being overwhelmed to also be accompanied by a feeling of fear or at least discomfort, whereas, the sublime can be a pleasurable experience. In contrast, Oscar Wilde prefaced his novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, with a reflection on art, the artist, and the utility of both. After careful scrutiny, he concludes: â€Å"All art is quite useless† (Wilde 4). In this one sentence, Wilde encapsulates the complete principles of the Aesthetic Movement popular in Victorian England. That is to say, real art takes no part in molding the social or moral identities of society, nor should it. Art should be beautiful and pleasure its observer, but to imply further-reaching influence would be a mistake. The explosion of aesthetic philosophy in fin-de-siecle English society, as exemplified by Oscar Wilde, was not confined to merely art, however. Rather, the proponents of this philosophy extended it to life itself. Here, aestheticism advocated whatever behavior was likely to maximize the beauty and happiness in one’s life, in the tradition of hedonism. To the aesthete, the ideal life mimics art; it is beautiful, but quite useless beyond its beauty, concerned only with the individual living it. Aesthetics found that through their great interest in beauty, pleasure that is derived from objects of art is more beautiful than other pleasures. Overall, many philosophers have interpreted the principle of aestheticism in their own ways. Without aestheticism, the deep understanding we now have of the connection of our lives with all forms of art would not be possible. Therefore, after centuries of conceptual making, aestheticism remains as a very complex subject which any poetic heart would be delighted to learn for the benefit of further understanding the purpose for the existence of art. Art through music, paintings, dance, and performance are all unique, but alike in one way: they are products of an artist’s ability, and desire, to create beauty. Works Cited Burnham, Douglas. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Immanuel Kant: Aesthetics. n. d. 9 February 2014 . Duggan, Patrick. The Conflict Between Aestheticism and Morality in Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Darian Gray. n. d. 9 February 2014 . Guyer, Paul. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: 18th Century German Aesthetics. 16 January 2007. 9 February 2014 . Rohlf, Michael. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Immanuel Kant. 20 May 2010. 9 February 2014 .

Fever And Headache Case Study Health And Social Care Essay

Prior to severuriency, the guest chows equilibrise repasts daily. He takes Multivita instants. He drinks 8-12 spectacless of water system daily. He does nt hold both food allergic reactions. His lesions heal fast. Complete redress of dentitions, does nt utilize dental p new-fashioneds. The invitee is digital audiotape ( diet as tolerated ) diet with no dark colored nutrients.Elimination exerciseThe lymph gland does nt hold dread extinguishing. He does nt utilize laxatives. His stool is formed. He defecates oneness eon or twice daily. No jobs experienced when urinating. His piss is normal in comment and sum. Upon parturiency, the client defecates one time day-to-day. Still no trouble urinating. exercise and serveThe client has sufficient aptitude to make the day-to-day activities he desired. He jogs around their weensy town sometimes. He likes to read books during his trim clip. He drop to the full take attention of himself. eyepatch in the infirmary, the client walks around his room. He feels weak nigh of the clip, because he is hardly lying down. He watches telecasting maculation in the infirmary.Cognitive-PerceptualThe client does nt hold auditory sense troubles and does nt utilize hearing AIDSs. He does nt defecate on reading spectacless. He unremarkably decides for himself but seeks advice from his older sister.Sleep/ take a breatherBefore parturiency, the client does nt hold trouble kiping. He makes certain to acquire decent remainder for the following cardinal hours s activities. He does nt see incubuss. Now, the client tell that he was non able to kip right because he is really pertain pixilated his wellness. He sleeps a small late and wakes up early the following twenty-four hours.Self-perceptionThe client describes himself as simple and determined. He feels good or so himself. He does nt let petty jobs to acquire the best of him.Role-RelationshipThe client lives with his sister and her household. They portion with the fam ily disbursals. Whenever they en computationer jobs, they put down and discourse them. cozyity-ReproductiveThe client is sexually active but denys to speak about his sexual life.Coping/Stress adjustmentWhen stressed, the client tries to loosen up himself world-class before confronting the job because he efficiency do determinations he volition repent. He talks to his sister or close friends whenever he has jobs. He does nt take any medicines or drugs. He handles jobs maturely.Values/BeliefsThe client is spiritual. He prays frequently, though seldom attends mass. He has programs for himself in the hereafter and he says he will make his best to get hold of them.Family AssessmentNameRelation boardSexual applicationOccupationEducational AttainmentC.G wife31FGross saless double-deckerCollege gradHeredoMaternal NonePaternal NoneDevelopmental HistoryTheorist while toil/Stage persevering DescriptionErikson36 y/oGenerativity vs. StagnationThe tolerant is concerned about others. He makes the most out of his clip.Freud36 y/oGenital PhaseThe affected role is sexually active.Piaget36 y/o testicle OperationssThe persevering of thinks about how to cover and take a shit out jobs encountered.Kohlberg36 y/oPost ConventionalThe patient is concerned about his single rights.Fowler36 y/oConjunctive FaithThe patient is cognizant of the truth and takes the enterprise to encounter it.Physical ExaminationHeight 55 Weight 70 kilogram vanadiumBP 130/90 mmHg RR 26 cpm PR 72 beats per minute shinLight brown in colourBirthmark on upper part of armUniform temperature in custodies and pess contend turgor & lt 2 secsNo lentigosNailsPink see bedsIntegral tegument environing the nailsBlanch visitation or capillary refill & lt 4secs taper and FaceHead is round in form bilaterally symmetrical seventh cranial nerve characteristicsSymmetric facial motionsNo facial pilusNo tangible multitudes, lesions, cicatrixsEyessEyebrows symmetrical and equally distributed, equal motionsE yelashs equally distributedEyelids are integral, no stains symmetrical motionStudents are any bit circular and reactive to dismountEarsColor corresponding as facial tegument, symmetricalPinna recoils after it is foldedNo dischargeNoseExternal olfactive organ is symmetric, unvarying in colour, non tender, no lesions, no dischargesNasal septum integral upper jawbone and frontal fistulas non tenderMouth and throatOuter lips symmetric, unvarying in colour, corporation purse lipsInner lips are tapNo losing dentition, pinkish gumsTongue is in the centre, pink in colour, moves freely fareMuscles are equal, caput centered sess travel cervix with no uncomfortablenessNo tangible multitudesSpinal chromatography columnSpine is straight, shoulders and hips are at same tallnessThorax/Lungs skin intact, no tenderness, no tangible multitudes( + ) wheezesCardiovascular/ fondnessJugular venas non seeable harmonious thump on off-base pulsationsCapillary refill trial & lt 4secsBreastSymmet ricalAbdomensSkin uniform in colourSymmetrical motions caused by respirationAudible catgut soundsNo tendernessExtremitiesUniform in colour, symmetricSymmetrical pulsing of peripheral pulsationsCapillary refill & lt 4 secsGenitaliasREFUSEDRectum and AnusREFUSEDPersonal/ social HistoryHabits He likes to read and travel to the shopping centerFrailties Drinks on occasionLife ardor ActiveClient s popular twenty-four hours like After getting off from work, he finds clip to continue and read a book.Rank in the household 2nd kid fit Went to Bacolod for 10 yearssEducational Attainment College GraduateIII. Environmental HistoryThe client lives in a private subdivision in Malabon, Manila with his sister and her household. He describes their small town as quiet and peaceable. few autos pass by their street. They segregate their refuse and maintain their milieus clean.IV. PathophysiologyA. Theoretical found dengue Hemorrhagic FeverPredisposing cypher Age Sexual activity-ImmunodeficiencyP recipitating Factor Aedes aegypti mosquitoBite of a virus transporting mosquitoMosquito injects unsound into victim s tegumentVirus enters in the host s blood watercourseInfects cells and replicate in sufficient sumPlatelet will supply a shield for the virus from exposure and binding to neutralize pre-existing antibody.Novices immune system responseStimulates deprivation of cytokinesActivation of memory T-cell response during re-exposureMacrophages or monocytes engulfed the virus holding a thrombocyte ( phagocytosis )Virus-antibody compositeCytokines destroy cell tissue layer and cell wallCytolysisComplement activating system roving switchingICF to extracellular unsoundCoagulopathy ( PT, PTT )ThrombocytopeniaVasculopathy ( plasma escape )vascular endothelian cell activationHigh Fever, organic fertiliser structure flunk, concern, sickness & A purging, group AB hurting, petechial roseola in countries of the organic structure, spread over stool ( sometimes )B. Client BasedD engue Hemorrhagic FeverNon-modifiable Factors Age 36 y/o Sexual activity MaleModifiable Factors-Immunodeficiency low-down Environmental SanitationAedis Aegypti Mosquito bitesCreates multiple lesions in the blood watercourseIncrease phagocytic activityVirus multiply in blood streamAfter 2-3 yearss incubation, fever appearsParacetamol givenExcessive ingestion of thrombocytesschedule BTFor replacingHematologic studies reveal that patient has low home base countDengue Titer Test Done( + )Which states that patient has grade 1 DHF with attach and symptoms manifestedV. laboratory yieldsuranalysis ( 7/14/10 )ExaminationConsequenceInterpretationColor discolorYellow in colour may bespeak concentration in water systemTransparencySlightly CloudypH6.0pH and specific gravitation is in spite of appearance normal boundsSpecific soberness1.010Glucose interdictProtein++Transeunt lift collect to infectionBloodNegativeKetone++ more(prenominal) fats are being used for susceptibility alternative ly of glucoseNitriteNegativeBilirubinNegativeBlood ( 7/14/10 )Examination figure ValueConsequenceInterpretationHemoglobin cxl-175 g/L141 principleHematrocrit0.42-0.500.44 prevalentRBC believe4.50-5.90 disco biscuit 1012/L4.92 everyday leucocyte counting4.00-1.050 Ten 109/L4.40 popularBasophil0.00-0.01Eisonophil0.01-0.04 sting0.02-0.050.01 shapeNeutrophil0.36-0.660.69Normal lymphocyte0.24-0.440.16The patient is compromised because of immunodeficiency.Monocyte0.02-0.120.14NormalPlatelet Count150.00-450.00X109/L125The patient s thrombocyte count is below normal scope which means that on that point no equal coagulating map.Blood ( 7/19/10 )ExaminationNormal ValueConsequenceInterpretationHemoglobin140-175 g/L140NormalHematrocrit0.42-0.500.43NormalRBC Count4.50-5.90 Ten 1012/L4.84NormalWBC Count4.00-1.050 Ten 109/L7.37NormalBasophil0.00-0.01Eisonophil0.01-0.040.04NormalPang0.020.02-0.05NormalNeutrophil0.36-0.660.53NormalLymphocyte0.24-0.440.30NormalMonocyte0.02-0.120.11NormalPlatelet Count150.00-450.00X109/L215NormalPotassium ( 7/17/10 )ExaminationNormal ValueConsequenceInterpretationPotassium3.50-5.50mg/dL3.7NormalCurdling and Hemostasis ( 7/18/10 )ExaminationNormal ValueConsequenceInterpretationActivated Partial Thromboplastin- Patient22.60-35.00 secs32.6NormalActivated Partial Thromboplastin- Control22.60-35.00 secs30.2NormalUltrasound Result ( 7/17/10 )ExaminationConsequenceDoppler scrotal/TestesThe testicles are normal in size, echopatterns and configuration with no focal lesions noted. The right travel about 4.4 tens 2.6 s2.1 centimeter ( LWH ) . While the unexpended hand steps about 4.0 tens 2.8 ten 2.1 centimeter ( LWH ) . No extratesticular mass lesion is noted. The epididumes are non unusual. publish liquid aggregation is seen within the left scrotal pouch.ImpressionLeft Hydrocoele.Normal Testiss and epididymesNo grounds of varicocoeleVIII. List of precession Problem1. Hyperthermia related to desiccation supplemental to DHF phase 12. Deficient Fluid volume related to active fluid volume secondary bleeding3. act Intolerance related to generalise failing secondary to DHF phase 1IX. Ongoing Appraisal7/14/10 On DAT ( nourishment as Tolerated ) with NDCF ( No Dark swarthy Foods ) Proctor VS q4, rigorous I & A O Dx process CBC, Platelet count, Potassium, Urinalysis Dengue Titers Master of educations Aeknil 1 A IV q4Nafarin 1 check TIDAzithromycin vitamin D milligram OD7/15/10 Addition unwritten fluid intake Dx process Blood type ( Result Bachelor of arts )7/16/10 Facilitate property BT as ordered Give antamin 1 amp 30 min foregoing to BT7/17/10 inviolable take over scrotal are TID7/18/10 WOF marks of shed blooding7/19/10 Cold compress 10 min BOD and displacement to warm compress 10 Command Scrotal adjudge7/20/10 may travel placeTen. Discharge PlanMedicine Celebrex cc milligram 1 check 2x a twenty-four hours PRN for hurtingExercise Avoid strenuous exercisingsTreatment Patient must take medicines for hurting as needed .Bed remainder.Increase unwritten fluid intakeHealth Education tug patient to hold a effectual life style.Practice good hygiene. fare Diet as tolerated.Eat balanced repasts daily, nutrients high in fibre.

Prejudice and Discrimination Essay

Prejudice as define by John E Farley is that evil refers to a positive or a nix post or belief directed toward certain batch based on their membership in a particular throng. The root word of disadvantage is pre- sample. It is a set of attitudes which causes, supports, or soundifies unlikeness. (Farley, 2000, p18). in that respect ar three comp geniusnts of disfavour which describe the antithetic elements associated with it. Affectual virtuosos inner feeling which sess be the result of incitement and ar in unison with commonwealths likes and dislikes.Behavioural the way population action their belief systems causing them to behave in a certain way. Cognitive the preconceived beliefs or expectations and involves stereotyping which usu entirelyy argon negative. discrepancy muckle be defined as the making of, a for or against action towards a individual based on collection, class, or a category to which they belong, rather than judge a person on their merit . This is the revealer re resignation of overwhelmnal injustice. Baron and Byrne (1997) defined unlikeness as negative behaviours directed towards tribe who be the object of preconceived idea.Allport (1954) suggests that in that location be quintet stages of dissimilarity. Anti-locution would include incitement by speech for fashion model raci either t agingy motivated or sectarian jokes. turning away where failing to include people with unwrap considering their capabilities means people in minority ag assorts argon continuously avoided by the individuals of the majority conclave. Although no harm is meant, harm is on the wholeay done through isolation. Discrimination comprises of a denying opportunities to a minority group or person with the draped of deliberately pr in timeting them from receiving services or goals a great deal(prenominal) as education and employment.Physical Attack involves the deliberate vandalising of or violent attacks on individuals and th eir property. Extermination is ethnic purgatorial in an attempt to annihilate an entire washout of peoples. (Allport, 1954, p71) It is difficult to distinguish the rests in the relationship amongst diagonal and discrimination. Our emotions and evaluations of differents essentially reflects our prejudices, whereas rejection and concerns of acceptance describe our discriminations. because roughone who shows discrimination may non be prejudice.(Wagstaff, 2005, p1). Prejudice is a person or group attitude which may or may non develop into discrimination. It is an attitude as opposed to an action. Discrimination is non always the result of prejudice. There atomic number 18 cases where prejudice is not contracted for discrimination whilst the natural law prevents prejudice from becoming discrimination now this was not always the case. In many cases the law adverts people discriminate, whether they feel prejudice or not. (Haralambos & Rice, 2002, p272).An example of this wa s LaPierres study which examined forgetingness to display prejudice and discrimination to a Chinese dyad at a judgment of conviction of anti-oriental sentiment. He travelled across the States with the couple, in total they visited over 250 establishments and were refused service still once. afterwards returning home LaPierre sent letter to all the establishments visited asking if they would serve members of the Chinese race 91% replied no they would not. Critics have also stated that the letters may have gone to the managers or protesters of the establishments who may have been prejudiced themselves while staff were not. furthermore they may also have judgement they were reflecting the wishes of their guests. some other reason they may have been served is because LaPierre accompanied them. The couple spoke excellent English, they were well presented and courteous this could all help towards being accepted as guests. There are many flaws in this study simply it does show th ere are differences betwixt prejudice and discrimination. (Haralambos & Rice, 2002, p272). A school t each(prenominal)er Elliot (1977) conducted an experiment in order to help represent the effects of prejudice and discrimination.The first twenty-four hours the class of nine stratum olds were told children with blue eyes were prize to the children with chocolate- dark- browned eyes. The brown eyed children were to be kept in their dimension by the blue eyed children and restrictions indicated upon them such as standing last in line. The brown eyed childrens behaviour changed they did not do as well in school plump and became depressed and angry, the blue eyed students became mean make derogatory statements and oppressed the other children. The following day the teacher told them she had made a mistake it was the brown eyed children who were superior.When reversed there were the resembling outcomes. Elliot (1977) express I watched what had been marvellous, cooperative, won derful, thoughtful children turn into nasty, vicious, discriminating footling third-graders in a space of fifteen minutes. (Positiveschools,n. d. ) until now though follow up of these children suggested they were more freehanded of differences mingled with groups and actively opposed discrimination. (positiveschools, n. d. ). further critics represent the study lacked validity as it was not scientific and she had not put in place adequate protection for the children.Authoritarian record, realistic group action and kind individuality are three theories that are considered to be the ensnareations of prejudice and discrimination. According to Adorno et al. (1950) Authoritarian character speculation is based primarily on psychoanalytical principles, and proposes that prejudices most likely to arise in families that take heed to enforce conventional values through stinging discipline (Wagstaff, 2005, p3). According to this system, because of guilt and fear of punishment , children reared in such environments cannot register their frustration and aggression towards the legitimize target their parents.Growing up with no exemption of choice builds up frustration that fades to the authoritarian person looking for someone that is weaker who they can take out their frustrations on them in the form of prejudice or discrimination. This is referred to as dis dictated aggression. They are unable to feel out what they feel to the parents. Adorno created the f-scale as a way of criterion the prejudice of the authoritarian person. Various questionnaires which measured a persons attitudes of the authoritarian personality.The bits were blue moreover the questions were written in a appearance that would have people answer even if it is not what they intend yes-people an example question was Do you think your employers should hire Negros? (Allport, 1954, p76). The sample Adorno used was non-white as there was not a broad abounding range of people in it, it was mainly 2000 substance classes no Jewish white Americans. All ages and classes should be represented and in a big sample. The set wing dictatorship scale has now replaced the f scale and asks questions such as Is it unaccented to understand the anger of black people in America? (McConahay, 1986, p125). One persons personality cannot formulate how whole societies pay off prejudice. This scheme does not let off for example how large groups such as national socialist Germany and other countries where mass genocide has taken place all became prejudice. Billing (1976) states that if prejudice it a personality characteristic accordingly some people would be more prejudice than others. Also Altemeyer (1988) produced manifest that authoritarianism stems from adolescence rather than childhood, adolescents who imitated the parents authoritarian personalities got rewarded for it.He also found that social attitudes more than personality attitudes contributed to authoritarian personality. (Haralambos & Rice, 2002, p274). Pettigrew (1959) deals it is unity to the group norm that is responsible for mass prejudice rather than a typewrite of personality. Altemeyer (1988) found social changes produced more increases in authoritarian scores. Pettigrew (1958) carried out a comparison of four southern state towns, evidence supported white southerners were more prejudiced against African Americans than white northerners.Was this because there are a big number of authoritarian personalities or a difference in cultural norms? He argued that prejudice can be depicted through cultural norms than on personality. He found that northern conformists were less prejudiced than southern conformist his findings were based on the personality questionnaire. (Haralambos & Rice, 2002, p275). Levels of authoritarianism were found to be the same in South Africa as America, yet South Africa had a lot more prejudice because of cultural and political factors. (Gross, 2012, p49). pictorial group date theory states conflict arises between groups as a result of struggles that authorize when deuce groups are in competition with one another for limited resources or want to get the same goals. Muzafer Sherif et al (1961) devised an experiment to study the relationships between competition and prejudice. There were twenty two pump class eleven to twelve year old boys based at Robbers undermine State Park summer camp. They were assigned into two groups. Activities were assigned to each group to develop a sense of belonging.At the end of the first week the two groups were introduced. They immediately showed signs of territoriality and fighting in sued. Tournaments with prizes were then engineered between the groups. At the end of the week the boys rated themselves in their own group as superior and even boys in the group who had been previously rated low were elevated. The other group were considered to be cheats and cowards. Attempts were then made to expurg ate the conflict in which the groups had to work together. A burden for pursuing these goals was that the groups became friendlier towards one another.Sherrif et.als study showed that the boys acted differently towards one another depending on the situation they were in. When in competition they felt dislike, hatred and when placed in a setting with common goals friendships were forged. It would be enkindle to see the results of the study had it been all girls, this was not a fair study as it was not a representative of all groups in society accordingly it is a prepossession sample. The surroundings of the study were not consistent with every day. This experiment shows how competition for different resources can generate prejudice and that competition can degenerate into hostility and conflict.Tyerman & Spencer (1983) contradicted Tajfels theory they discovered a group of English boy scouts who knew each other before camp. They were divided into four groups and placed into sim ilar competition as in the robbers cave. The boys reactions to this did not change they remained friendly and in group solidarity did not increase. This suggests competition is not sufficient alone for inter group conflict. (Gross, 2012, p391-392). This theory confides a more practical, whirl a more social point of trance to prejudice. Where this theory does make more sense there are some issues with it.For example not all groups that compete with each other result in prejudice and discrimination. Tajfel et al. (1971) discovered that in a number of experiments it was not necessary for competition to be present between groups for there to be prejudice. They discovered just being a member of the in group as opposed to what they considered to be the out group was enough to produce prejudice. Locksley et al (1980) went further than Tajfel by informing the participants they were being randomly assigned by a coin toss, meaningless names abandoned and even with these conditions there w as a strong in group preference.According to Brown (1988) dozens of studies passim the world with a range of participants from all ages and both sexes, concluded that merely allotting people into groups leads to judgements and behaviours being biased and discriminative. It was this discovery that led to the basis for social indistinguishability theory. Fiske (2004) believes this theory describes prejudice and discrimination more palpably. Realistic group conflict theory does help justify increases in prejudice in war tear countries. brotherly identity element theory states that discrimination and prejudice are only possible if people are categorised into groups so that they identify and develop a sense of belonging. Given that our self-image is important to us, we strive for this to be positive. Social image comes from social identity. Therefore people make the groups to which they belong as positive. They make comparisons between their group and others and believe their group to be superior to the others, leading to discrimination in favour of their own group and have a negative view of other groups.The assumption is therefore that Prejudice and discrimination result from group identification and the take for a positive image. Tajfel believed mankind are motivated to make sense of the world around them, he thought this was done through a process of categorisation, preoccupation and coherence but these processes do not let off prejudice, he later rose to more points that much of personal identity comes from social groups and that we strive for self-esteem. In Tajfels study a group of strangers who had no contact with each other were randomly recrudesce into two groups.In one experiment participants were asked to give out money, they favoured their own group even if it meant losing money participants identified with their group and had a clear bias with the other group. Social identity theory states prejudice is inevitable. (Haralambos & Rice, 2002, p2 77). Another experiment Tajfel performed was to show boys a motion drawing by Klee and Kandinsky and asked which they preferred. The boys were given money to dispense, the boys gave the money to the fans of the picture that they preferred, this showed immense loyalty to their in group, even though they did not know one another.(Fiske, 2008, p15) Social identity theory explains a persons need for a positive identity does involve stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice, this leads to an in group situation where the in group are seen as positive and is the reverse for the negative and its out groups. Though on a larger scale this theory does not explain native forms of prejudice, relationships between groups are not just most being seen positively but they can be for reasons such as a power, money and odd resources, these can lead to prejudice and discrimination.In Pakistan we are lead to believe the Taliban are representing its people and they are fighting for their freedom. That westerners are there to help the people. in so far when eleven year old Malala Yousafzai spoke out and wrote a blog for the B. B. C. it resulted in her being stab in the head. Malala does not want to play to some western-backed or Taliban-loved stereotype. She shows us all there are voices out there that need to be heard, if only to help the country find democracy that is for and from the people, all the people. (BBCNews,2012,p1). This cannot be put down to social identity theory.This theory is able to explain stereotypes prejudice and discrimination and all are seen as a need in the individual for a positive identity. Preferences lead to the positive in group stereotype and therefore result lead to prejudice and discrimination which result favour the in group but will be the opposite for the out group there by producing negative discrimination towards the out group. Social identity theory does not explain extreme forms of prejudice Brown and Lunt (2002) state how a theory b ased on attitudes, such as in-group discrimination can, explain the systematic slaughter of millions in Nazi death camps?This theory concentrates on two groups the in group and the out group with two groups it is easy to create a them and us situation but what happens when a third or fourth group is introduced there will not be the same polarisation and therefore the same bias will not be created. Conclusion Some researchers believe prejudice is caused by a fear of strangers or change, while others see it as a type of chauvinism regarding issues such as nationalism or religion. However there is general agreement that prejudice is learned.It is safe to say that no one theory can explain all areas of prejudice and discrimination. However they all contribute to giving us some understanding as to how prejudice and discrimination become part of our society. Fiske (2008) is working on a theory which suggests we are born prejudiced. She has been observing brain use using M. R. I scanner s, studying the amygdala section which is the fear response of the brain. This is triggered when we judge people or events we deem threatening Fiskes findings suggest are aware try getting the sub conscious to stop unwanted prejudices. (Fiske, 2008, p16).