Public Procurement and Contract Administration in Nigeria

PUBLIC PROCUREMENT AND CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION Overview of Procurement Procurement is the acquisition of goods, works and services at the best total cost of ownership, in the right quality and quantity and at the right time. It also involves the acquisition of goods and services at the right place and from the right source. Public Procurement is the acquisition of goods, works and services by Government Ministries Departments and Agencies. In an effort to provide development and fulfil campaign promises, governments all over the world are involved in large scale procurement of goods, works and services. Public Procurement account for substantial part of most countries GDP. The establishment of good public procurement system is increasingly being viewed as measure of accountability and transparency. The responsibility of government to ensure transparency is also increasingly becoming a serious campaign issue. Public Procurement helps ensure the judicious use of public resources. An efficient Public Procurement System will ensure at all times government acquisition of goods, works, and services are done with due regard to:  · Economy;  · Efficiency;  · Fairness;  · Reliability; Transparency; and  · Accountability and Ethical Standards. Economy: This will ensure that the procuring entity obtain the best value for the money expended. Value may include more than price. It includes quality, and timely delivery of the goods or services. However, the ultimate aim of a sound procurement is to obtain the maximum value for money. Efficiency: A good procurement must be seen to be posi tive. It should be devoid of bottlenecks and other forms of inefficiencies. A good procurement system is devoid of protracted delays. It must be simple and swift. Fairness: A good system will ensure fairness to all bidders and will be impartial, consistent, and reliable. It will ensure level playing field to all contractors, suppliers and consultants. Transparency: Good procurement system establishes and maintains rules and procedures that are accessible and unambiguous. It is not only fair, but it is seen to be fair. Accountability and Ethical Standards: A system must ensure its practitioners obey the rules. It enforces the rules through a process of sanctioning those who neglect, disobey or bend the rules to gain certain advantages. The rules and procedures must be clear and unambiguous The process of establishing formal public procurement system in Nigeria started with the election of Obasanjo in 1999. It started with the establishment of Due process office under the Presidency. The Due process office was headed then by Mrs. Oby Ekwesili, the current Vice President of World Bank in charge of African Region. The Due process Office succeeded in saving billions of Naira according to the press release by the Agency. Public Procurement bill was passed by the two houses of the National Assembly and signed into law by the President in 2007. The Act provide for the establishment of Public Procurement Council and Bureau for Public Procurement to beheaded by a Director General. Nigeria public procurement Act was enacted in 2007. Overview of Contract Administration Contract Administration on the other hand involves all those activities which are performed with aim of promoting the smooth execution of contracts. Contract Administration starts from the time a contract is signed to the time a contract is closed. There are various forms in which a contract can closes: A contract can close when an operational certificate has been issued and the contractor collects the final payment under the contract. A contract can close if it is terminated and what is due to the either of the party (client or contractor) has been paid. A contract could be terminated due non performance by the contractors, due to failure of the client to fulfil obligations under the contract or due to events or happening beyond the control of the parties to the contract (force majeure). A contract can be discharged when there is a dispute. This can happen either amicably or through mediation through arbitration and adjudication or through the court. The court is usually the last resort in this kind of settlement. Most modern contracts proscribe mediation mechanism. Contract closure should be seen as part of the procurement process that assures that the employer gets what it paid for and contractor, payment for goods or services delivered. The Role of Regulation in Public Procurement A good regulatory framework is pre-requisite for an efficient Public procurement system. The role of policy formulation should be separate from policy execution and a mechanism for handling protests must be established. Any agency involved in any form of execution of public procurement should not be involved in regulating procurement. The Nigeria Public Procurement Act is however, somehow deficient in the area of separation of policy formulation, execution and regulation and protest handling mechanism. The Bureau is involve in giving no objection for contracts yet is involve enforcing compliance with the provisions of the Act. This vested the power of execution and regulation in the Bureau. The Bureau also through the council (where the DG is the secretary) is involved in policy formulation and handling of protest. A good example of separation of regulation, execution and protest handling mechanism is the Kenyan public procurement system. It incorporated the necessary separation of execution, policy formulation and protest handling mechanism. However, this has not prevented politicians in Kenya from abusing the procurement system. In 2004 all the procurement officials in the various MDA in Kenya were suspended to allow politicians recover the money they spent in election campaign. The various agencies under the Kenyan Act are: Public Procurement Oversight Authority The functions of the Kenyan Public Procurement Oversight Authority are: To ensure that the procurement procedures established under the Act are complied with; To monitor the public procurement system and report on the overall functioning to the Minister and also do the following functions: support the training and professional development of persons involved in procurement Issue written directions to ublic entities with respect to procurement including the conduct of procurement proceedings and the dissemination of information on procurements; and ensure that procuring entities engage procurement professionals in their procurement units. To initiate public procurement policy and propose amendments to the Act. To perform such other functions and duties as provided for under the Act Public Procurement Oversight Advisory Board Composition The Public Procurement Oversight Advisory Board shall consist of nine members appointed by the Minister approved by Parliament from persons nominated by the prescribed organizations and the Director-General. Functions To advise the Authority generally on exercise of its powers and the performance of its functions To approve the estimates of the revenue and expenditures of the Authority; To recommend the appointment and termination of the Director-General of the Authority Perform such other functions and duties as provided for under the Act. Public Procurement Administrative Review Board The Public Procurement Administrative Review Board, review complaints and make appropriate recommendation to the government. The Public Procurement Oversight Authority shall provide administrative services to the Review Board. Procuring Entities (MDA) It is the responsibility of Procuring Entities to comply with provisions of the Act. Specifically the Kenyan Act provides; What is being procured must be within the approved budget of the procuring entity and included an annual procurement plan Procurement undertaken by a procuring entity must be as per threshold matrix as set out in the regulations There is adequate segregation of duties in respect of procurement initiation, processing and receipt of goods, works and services. A public entity shall establish a tender committee, procurement unit and such other bodies as required under the regulations for the purpose of making such ecisions on behalf of the public entity as specified in the Act . Procurement Planning The first thing to do in procurement is, planning the process. It involves definition of the project scope and expected completion time. Specifically, the procuring entities need to identify the required works, goods or services to be procured. The procuring entities also need to determine the various procurement sequences. The procuring entity will selec t equipment packages and choose the method of procurement to use depending on the scope and complexity of the assignment. The following methods are usually used in procurement of goods, works and services (non-intellectual services): International competitive bidding (ICB) Limited international bidding National competitive bidding Shopping Procurement Plan should separate consultancy services, works, goods and supply and installation of plants and equipments. Procurement plan should address the following; How the procurement process should be handled (ICB,NCB, Others, Co-financing) Define the timing of each step in the procurement process (Each step, Each Package). It should also identify the procurement & implementation team The plan should also take in account the approvals process and delays that may occur. It should take into account all technical, staffing, legal and training etc. Procurement Steps There should be identification of needs. The list of goods, equipment, materials plants etc. Types of Works (Large, Small, Very Small) and aassociated Services. The procuring entity should also indentify the means of transportation, distribution and training. The plan should also take into account after sales service and warranty period. The steps include the advertisement of tenders. The World Bank require advert in G. D. Market and United Nation Business on-line. National competitive bidding requires advert in at least two nationally read newspapers. The process includes; Issuance of Bidding Documents Bid or Quotations Submission & Opening Bid or Quotation Evaluation Contract and Purchase Order Award. This will be preceded by contract notification, signature and effectiveness. Pre-contract Meeting Officials of the procuring entity involve in the procurement process should meet in order to: Understand their responsibilities and restrictions under the contract The role of the project manager should also be defined The various tests and other forms of quality control should be defined. Specific deliverables and special contract provisions should be explained. Monitoring and performance measurement should be understood and invoicing and payment procedures should be explained. Pre- contract meeting/discussion between the employer and the contractors are usually organised. At such meeting, the objective of the contract and its requirements are clearly defined. The contract effectiveness conditions are explained. Others issues to be discussed are: The project manager (from the employer) and contractors representative Organization and structures of the contractor’s implementation team. Implementation schedule and Reporting method Progress meetings, works certification and invoicing After the pre-contract discussion all grey areas are ironed out, the contract is signed by contractor’s representative with the power of attorney and the authorised representative of the contractor. Contract Effectiveness This will take place after the contract has been signed and following conditions have been fulfilled: Contractor provide performance guaranty and advance payment guaranty (if required) If the contract requires payment of advance payment, it has been paid If Letter of Credit is required it must be established The Letter of Credit must be confirmed (if funded by Nigeria government) or made operative through issuance of special commitment if World Bank financed contract or letter of guaranty if AfDB financed contract The employer must write a letter conveying the effectiveness to the contractor Letter of Credit Letters of Credit are guided by universal custom practice established by International Chamber of commerce and Industry based in Paris, France. It provides condition to enable parties to contract of sale living in different countries to make and receive payment for goods supplied. It start with a bank in the buyers country (opening bank) opening direct communication with another bank in the seller country (advising bank), through a correspondence bank (usually the negotiating bank). The opening bank will open either an irrevocable Letter of credit or a revocable letter of credit depending on the circumstance of the transaction. It is irrevocable because once established neither of the party can cancel it unilaterally before the expiration of the validity. Letter of Credit is said to be confirmed if in addition to the confirmation of the opening bank, another bank (say the negotiating bank also add its confirmation). Under LC for contracts financed by World Bank, LC’s are irrevocable but are unconfirmed. They are made operational when a special commitment is issued on it by World Bank. Incoterms 2000 Incoterms means International Commercial Terms published by International Chambers of Commerce (ICC), Headquarter in Paris. Incoterms was created in 1936 by ICC to facilitate international trade by providing uniform interpretation of trade terms. Incoterms are regularly updated to keep pace with developments in international trade. The latest is incoterms 2000. The scope of incoterms is limited to rights & obligations of parties to contract of sales as it relates to delivery of tangible goods. For example under the C terms, the Seller fulfils his obligation upon the shipment of goods. Once the good are shipped by the seller, under the C terms the buyer is obliged to receive the goods. The following are the various incoterms Group E: Departure {text:list-item} Group E: Main Carriage unpaid {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Group C: Main Carriage Paid {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Group D: Arrival {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Terms of Payment There are terms of payment for various contracts. Terms of payment are usually specified in the bidding document or request for proposal (RFP). Under a project financed by credit from the World Bank, the following terms shall apply as follows; Schedule 1-Plant & Equipment from Abroad text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Schedule 2-Plant & Equipment from Employers Country {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Schedule 3-Local Transportation {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Schedule 4-Installation Service {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} All payment must be made 45 days from submission of invo ice and invoice not paid more than 60 days will attract interest. Role of Project Manager and Contractors Representative: Project Manager The contractor must be notified of the Project Manager in writing. The Project Manager shall act and represent the employer at times during the validity of the contract. He shall give all instructions, notices, orders, certificates etc. He shall give approval and receives notices, instructions, information on behalf of the employer. Contractors Representative: The employer must be notified in writing with his CV attached. Contractor representative must be approved by employer. The contractors representative act and represent the contractor at all time during the validity of the contract, He received all instructions, notices, orders, certificates, approvals and communications. The contractor representative issues all notices, instructions, information and other communications on behalf of the contractor Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring and Evaluation is an essentially part of contract administration. It is usually performed by project manager. Project Manager approves all designs and drawings for supply & installations contract etc. The project manager inspects & issue acceptance certificate before shipment. Proper monitoring ensures potential disputes are averted Invoicing and Payments Contractors and employers are partners. The contractors have goods/services or works required by the employer while the contractor want money from the employer. Contract won under international competitive bidding process give world-wide, most competitive price to the employer. Issuance of invoices and demand for payment is an obligation of the contractor while the employer has responsibility to pay for goods delivered and or services and works performed by the contractor. The format of invoicing and works certification should be worked out early to avoid employment of penalty clause. Progress Meetings Progress meeting is necessary aspect of large and complex contracts which takes longer time to complete. Progress meetings are held at regular intervals. It is usually held to monitor the progress of the contract implementation. At such meeting contract implementation progress are discussed and compared with the contract implementation schedule. Implementation problems are also discussed with a view of solving them. The objective is to ensure that the contract will be completed with requisite quality, on time and within budget. Some identified Contract Administration Problems in Nigeria Institutional problems like contracts enforcement and prolonged court procedures are serious impediment to smooth contract administration. Other common contract administration problems are: Contracts entered into with parties having little understanding of the contract terms. Ccontracts’ seen as ways of dispensing favours. Therefore, little attention is paid to qualification. Contractors in some cases do not employ qualified personnel to manage and execute contracts. It usually takes unnecessarily long time to issue sufficient Bonds and Insurances for the execution of contracts, due to stringent conditions. Inadequate monitoring by employers also affects smooth contract implementation. A common contract administration problem that has become very visible especially in Nigeria Power Sector is losing out other partners in JV or Consortium agreement Delay in making payment to the contractors due to inadequate budgetary provisions Employment of unqualified or incompetent sub-contractors Delays in opening LC’s and extension of LC’s & Form M. Misapplication of proceeds of advance payment by contractors Di spute in the interpretation of contract terms Delay in issuing Duties and vat exemptions certificate conveyance Difficulties in clearing goods in the ports and the poor state of the nation infrastructure Inconsistency in government policies and corruption of government officials Avoiding Dispute in contract implementation The best dispute resolution method is not to have disputed at all. However, if there is a dispute direct negotiations between the parties at an early stage could be helpful. If no solution is found through direct negotiation, establish in a letter the facts of which constitute the breach of contract to focus the problem on the issue under dispute In United Kingdom an alternative dispute resolution technique called â€Å"partnering technique† is being employed. Partnering starts with a workshop usually during the kick off meeting where expectations of parties (contractor and employer) are discussed and harmonised. A partnering agreement or charter is signed by the parties. Employer and contractor are expected to encourage their staff to achieve the charter. In some cases the employer and the contractor share offices in the spirit of the partnering. Dispute Resolution Adjudication Once a dispute cannot be resolved mutually between the parties, it can be referred to adjudicator by either party in writing with a copy to the other party. The adjudicator shall give his decision in writing to both parties. The decision of the adjudicator is not final. The name of the adjudicator and his CV is usually included in the bidding document. If a bidder has problem with a suggested adjudicator, he must indicate so in writing and suggest another adjudicator which must be accepted by the employer. Arbitration If either of the party is dissatisfied with the decision of the adjudicator, the dissatisfied party can write to the arbitrator. Either party may give the other notice to commence arbitration. The ddecision of arbitration are final and binding on all parties Arbitration Courts The Court of Arbitration of International Chamber of Commerce (Paris) is the most popular arbitration institute in the World. Other are; London Court of Arbitration and Allied Professional Society The American Arbitration Association in United State of American Arbitration Institute of Stockholm Chamber of Commerce based in Sweden. United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) – UN International Centre for Settlement of Investment Dispute (ICSID)- WB Change Orders and Price Adjustments Contracts are base on plans, designs, specification and quantities which are best estimates. Field conditions, revisions to original plan could cause the scope of the contract to change. Revisions caused by changes in expectation and technology may require change order. A â€Å"change order† is request for a change in the scope of a contract. It may be requested by either party to a contract. A â€Å"change order† signed by all the parties have the same authority as the original contract. For contracts financed by World Bank, change order is applied to changes in contract that is more than 5% of the contract sum. Under the World Bank procurement system, contract which exceed 18 months period should have provision for price adjustment. Contract Close Out Contract close out begins when the contract has been physically complete, i. e. all services have been performed and products delivered. Close out is completed when all administrative actions have been completed, all disputes settled, and final payment have been made. Materials and equipment to be handed over properly receipted. Contract close out is as important as contract award and contract monitoring. A check list of all services, products, etc. to be delivered in the contract should be kept in the contract file. Governance: Fraud, Corruption & Conflict of Interest Conflict of interest refers to a situation in which procurement official evaluate tenders involving companies in which they have direct or indirect interest. Fraud on the other hand includes misrepresentation or omission of facts to influence a procurement process or the execution of contract. It also includes collusion among bidders. corruption include offering, giving, receiving or soliciting directly or indirectly of anything of value to influence the action of a public official in the procurement process or contract execution. Governance: Identification of Corruption Some â€Å"red flags† in procurement process that indicate possibility of corruption include the following: Poor record keeping Deviations from procedures without written justification Poorly defined roles/responsibilities Absence of good internal control system â€Å"Red flags† can be exhibited by individuals involve in procurement and contract administration as follows: Extravagant lifestyle Excessive interaction with supplier(s) and contractors Too much secrecy Reluctance to delegate duties Keeping contact with certain suppliers exclusively Some â€Å"red flags† in a particular procuring entity are: Always the same suppliers competing & wining Reluctance of established supplier and contractors to bid for contracts in an entity Some â€Å"red flags† in contract administration Excessive cost overruns Excessive numbers of change orders (increasing cost) Payment of frivolous claims Governance: Corruption Contributing Factors& Known Signals Lack of competitive environment Lack of trained & competent procurement staff Widespread lack of trust & job security Permissive environment (no sanctions after established cases of fraud and corruption) Lack of good mechanism for handling protest & delays Known signals {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Case Study Case 1 An employer invited bid for the supply of one X-ray machine for the main hospital for delivery one month ex-stock within 2 months of Letter of Credit. In the bidding document, bidders were asked to quote price on CIP capital city by air in US dollars. Bidders were provided 60 days to submit bids. Six bids were opened publicly. All except one bidder quoted the price as solicited. One bidder quoted the price in French Francs. In its evaluation the employer rejected the bid as it did not comply with the currency provision. The employer proposed to award the contract to the lowest bidder as all the other bid are responsive. The contract will be financed under a credit from World Bank and the rejected bidder protested to the World Bank on the ground that World Bank permitted bids from any member country and currency and his bid was in fact the lowest. What should the World Bank do and Why? Case 2 In an agricultural project, an employer presented papers relating to an advance procurement of two bulldozers for World Bank financing retroactively. The employer/borrower claimed to have followed the World Bank ICB procedures. On review, it was noted that the General Procurement Notice (GPN) and Specific Procurement Notice (SPN) were issued, adequate time provided for the bidding, there was good response and award had been made to the lowest bidder. The only short-coming was the bids were opened by a government committee without inviting the bidder representative. Is the process valid under this circumstance? Case 3 You are the chairman of public procurement administrative review commission. A project includes the procurement of 10 tracks Dozers and excavators to be procured under a single package. The specifications stated the tracks should be powered by an engine with a minimum of 175 horsepower (SAE) at a rated RPM. Firm A offered its dozers with a 165HP. In the evaluation the committee consider the deviation as minor and awarded the contract to Firm A. Firm B

Econ103 end term paper Essay

1. In your own words and in a maximum of 250 words for each concept, briefly explain the essence of each of the following emerging economic ideas. Imagine explaining them to someone who has not studied economic history. What are they really about? (20 points) A. Perlas’ 3-Folding Concept as applied in Philippine Agenda 21 B. Caring Economics C. Conscious Capitalism D. Natural Capitalism E. Sacred Economics 2. Still in your own words, accomplish the following summary table about the emerging economic ideas studied. Use easily understandable key words/phrases. You may further explain below the table if necessary (25 points): Idea Definition Key Principles/Elements & Framework Key Strategies (How the Idea will be Accomplished) A. Perlas’ 3-Folding Concept as applied in the PhilippineAgenda 21 An action for a sustainable development where the civil society, the government and businesses help each other to reach a certain goal. Cooperation among sectors of the society. B. Caring Economics Caring economics deals with giving importance to human beings and the environment as a part of the society and development. Human rights and other rights should be implemented and punishment among those who does not care for the life of human beings and the environment. C. Conscious Capitalism A type of capitalism where there is no self – interest instead the conditions of others or employees and other people are not being for granted but always take in to consideration. Employees should be given equal rights like the owners and observe right mind setting in making decisions. D. Natural Capitalism  In natural economics, capitalists are being reminded to also invest in natural resources so that there will still be source of raw materials and in times of calamity, the environment would be protected. Restrict and not allow businesses that would not agree on investing a portion of their income for reserving the environment. E. Sacred Economics Sacred economics state that true happiness is not having a lot of money. It is explained that money is man- made and what is more important are those things created by God that can give us real happiness. Having the mentality that above everything else, happiness is what we want and being contented with what we have is already enough. Having a lot of money will not make us very happy. 3. Always in your own words throughout the rest of your paper, compare and contrast the emerging economic ideas you’ve just explained in No. 1. What are their similarities and differences? Discuss in detail. (15 points) 3. Analyze how EACH of the emerging economic ideas fulfill (or not fulfill) the goals and criteria of development according to: I. the Catholic Church’s AUTHENTIC DEVELOPMENT concept, II. the United Nation’s SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT, and The criteria of development according to the UN’s Sustainable Development concept, Development is the capability to improve without sacrificing or compromising what is there for the future. Development is like having freedom, there is no servitude, a person is able to do something because he/ she knows that he/ she can, there is self-confidence within himself/herself. In addition, development is when there is respect in the society , when there is  sustenance that each person can say that â€Å"I’ve had enough and I am contented†. This criteria of development is somehow like the Sacred economics, there is real happiness when people are contented and live in an environment where there is respect and freedom. III. PEACE AS DEVELOPMENT. Discuss in detail. Use the â€Å"Lenses of Development† lecture file found in the egroup Lectures> Current Material folder (also in http://www.slideshare.net/gracewithfire/lenses-of-development) as well as any additional research you might want to make. (30 points) 4. Given your preceding discussion and analysis, what are your conclusions (CONCLUDING REMARKS) about these emerging economic ideas? (10 points) In my own opinion, the emerging economic ideas would be successful fully if only people especially business owners , the government are willing to cooperate by doing those. Indeed, real happiness is when you can say that I am really happy and contented of what I have. In fact, there is no need for money to be happy but all we need is love, if we have the love of the people around us, we could say that we are happy. The emerging economic ideas are primarily concerned about the real wealth of the society, human beings and the environment. If people would only think of these two things and how will their decisions affect the human beings and the environment, probably there would be no extra expense for them especially for those who are in the government and owners of businesses because if they would only invest in protecting and preserving of the natural resources and environment, there would probably no destructions brought by calamities such as floods and landslides that destroyed their businesses. 5. Please also attach your individually accomplished 21st Century Skills updated survey form at the end of your paper. The form is found in the Assignments> Current Material folder of the egroup, the same folder where this instructions file is found. Format: Letter-sized bond paper, double-spaced, with pagination at the upper right hand corner, 1-inch margins all around, with cover page showing contributing members’ names and individual contributions and class schedule,  and References page (if you used additional researched references) in APA Style , 6th edition. SUBMIT IN HARDCOPY BY OCTOBER 14, 2013, 5PM , AT THE CBA FACULTY OFFICE, VIA THE SECRETARIES. PLS. HAVE YOUR COVER PAGE STAMPED WITH RECEIVED DATE AND TIME BY THE SECRETARY.

The Ritz-Carlton Does Not Sell Hotel Rooms

The Ritz Carlton runs in a way that makes every single detail about the consumer and the consumer’s needs, wants, and expectations. Every decision that they make they make with the consumer in mind. They essentially are selling unsurpassed service to their patrons. The Ritz Carlton is very well-known for providing consistent service to its patrons in each of its locations throughout the world. They provide guests with high quality customer service, utilizing their Gold Standards for customer service, which include its credo, motto, employee promise, three steps of service, and the twelve service values. The three steps of service are fairly basic, however many companies overlook them, losing that opportunity to create a long lasting relationship with the guest. The first is to deliver a warm and sincere greeting and to use the guest's name; the second is to anticipate and fulfill the needs of each guest; and the third is to give a warm good-bye, again using the guest's name. The Ritz Carlton believes that guest recognition is a top priority. If employees recognize the guest, then they can give personalized service, have fast access to knowledge, and interactions that are largely hassle free. These Gold Standards continue to lead the company to outperform its competition and increase its customer loyalty. They also have programs designed to meet specific customer needs that include their Service Quality Indicators (SQIs). The Ritz Carlton continually improves its processes and programs in order to give its guests the exceptional service that they have come to be well known for giving in the hotel industry. In essence, they are selling service to consumers. The Ritz Carlton has applied for and won the Baldridge Award in 1992 and 1999, which confirmed that quality is not a short term approach to doing business. The Ritz Carlton works hard to achieve the highest customer and employee satisfaction in the industry. They believe it is critical to continually improve day after day. As a consumer, I would be willing to pay for a stay at the Ritz Carlton. I believe that the methods that they use are fantastic. They treat everyone, including their employees, with respect. That is something that many companies fail to even consider when they are building their business. There are many people who choose products and services from companies by looking at factors such as how they treat their employees, where their products are made, etc. rather than looking only at the price tag and looking for a place or item that is â€Å"cheap†. As a consumer, I would rather patronize a place that was more expensive and treated its employees like gold, than patronize a place that was cheap and treated its employees poorly. I believe that the Ritz Carlton offers an excellent service to their guests and I’m fairly certain that the majority of consumers would be willing to pay for it. However, the price of a hotel room at the Ritz Carlton is on the pricier side so I’m sure that there are plenty of people that would love to take advantage of staying there but would be unable to do so since they could not afford it. Do you think it’s possible for Ritz Carlton to create â€Å"ladies and gentlemen† in just 7 days? It most likely is possible for Ritz Carlton to do so because their employee selection process is highly refined and they are able to higher excellent candidates who understand this concept of â€Å"ladies and gentlemen†. The Ritz Carlton looks for individuals who understand their culture and will engage with other employees, managers and guests. They look for individuals who exhibit certain personality traits and hiring managers seek those individuals when they recruit and interview candidates. In order to ensure that interviewees are sincere and positive people, the hiring managers use two-part questions that will eliminate interviewees who are insincere. According to the article, Inside the Ritz Carlton’s Revolutionary Service, a prospective employee may be asked, â€Å"Are you a habitual smiler? †. If the candidate responds with a â€Å"yes†, then the hiring manager will proceed to ask, â€Å"Why do you smile? †. It is clear to see that the Ritz Carlton selects its employees very carefully in order to find employees that will understand the culture and be able to learn quickly how to be a lady or a gentleman. By looking for people that have the necessary talent to do the job, they feel they can teach the other skills necessary to get them to lady or gentleman status. The Ritz Carlton has a very slow orientation process that they feel can best prepare the new employee with the mission of the company. They feel that when an individual starts a new job, it is a significant emotional experience. During this time, that individual will be attentive and receptive to emotional changes. The Ritz Carlton uses this time to focus on their values and to instill those values into that employee. The employee than goes though their week of orientation and afterwards, they are expected to have adapted the company culture. It seems to me that between their vigorous selection process and the week of orientation, many of these individuals would be able to adapt to their culture as â€Å"a lady or gentlemen†. Also, it is important to point out that the company is well known for treating their employees very well. I would believe that their employees know this and would want to treat the company well in return. The employees must have a high level of employee morale. They have every reason to want to continue on as a â€Å"lady or a gentlemen† as their time continues on with the company. They will also have the chance for promotions in the future. The Ritz Carlton sets employees up for success starting by selecting the right employees for the right position within the company. They are then able to mold these individuals into the employees that they want them to be. They also treat them very well and give them room for growth. I believe that doing this ensures that these individuals will become â€Å"ladies and gentlemen† within the 7 days.

2 parts 1 business plane 2 entrepreneurial motivations characteristics Assignment

2 parts 1 business plane 2 entrepreneurial motivations characteristics - Assignment Example It was these qualities coupled with determination that made him to create today’s valuable company, thus introducing the element of change to many industries and in the process affecting our day to day activities. Jobs used his intuition to make major decisions and come up with his ideas which mostly were shaped from desperate life experiences (Hunter, 2012: 42). To describe Steve Jobs as an entrepreneur, wee will look at his entrepreneurial characteristics so as to identify what was it that drove, motivated or inspired him to leave a legacy he has left today (Mancuso, 2014: 101). Are you aware with the Mac and iPod? Sure, I believe you are and they were as a result of the discovery of the potential of the Pixar early on before anyone else. The invention of the Pixar touch was as a result of the self-confidence and optimistic nature of Jobs as he was dedicated to his work. He thought of the best ideas and gave all his energy to make create the idea as his dreams. This invention was later used by other companies to various purposes and under different circumstances like in car manufacture, toy story amongst others (Kuratko, 2009: 18). During his time, Microsoft was renowned for its products and its ability to change to applications which were user friendly. Apple’s ideas and design were not known in the market therefore it was a great risk for Jobs to introduce the idea of the ideas and designs in the market at the time. However, Job was not distracted by the fear of his ideas and design failing in the market, but went a head to introduce the product in the market and the result was that the audiences’ attention was captured. Therefore, this has led to Steve Jobs Company being the largest manufacturer of PC, Tablets and Mobiles in the market. Challenges can be quite stressful to any entrepreneur as there is always that fear of failing in your new venture. However, this was not the case

History 3a Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History 3a - Essay Example Lastly, another difference between the two revolutions was that American Revolution was against United Kingdom while French revolution focused its attention on French government that was led by King Louis XVI and other different coalitions (Office of Historian, 2012). One of the major similarities of the revolutions is that both revolutions aimed at overthrowing the legitimate monarchs that were governing the countries. In addition, both revolutions were bloody and a lot of people lost their lives during the revolution. Also both revolutions were agitated by people’s suffering that emanated by poor governance from the previous regimes. Therefore, both revolutions were political and social. Both revolutions gained support from each other. France supported Americans through sending troops and intellectuals such as Marquis De Lafayette while Americans sent Thomas Pain to assist in French revolution (Office of Historian, 2012). One of the aspects that gave strength to the slave was the African culture and their identity. As a result, masters ensured that they brainwashed the culture of the slaves through giving them new names and banning any form of cultural activities. Some of the cultural activities that slaves used to come together included African music and Saturday night dances which happened in the woods. In addition, the masters prevented the slaves from gathering an aspect that reduced their bond and strength to resist. Some of the ways that slaves used to resist included breaking of their masters equipments, stealing the masters provisions and use of lies in order to evade hard work. Masters set up stiff penalties to ensure that they curb these methods of resisting (Office of Historian, 2012). Another method that the masters used to prevent slaves from resisting is giving them a lot of workload. This ensured that slaves were always busy an aspect that reduced their free time which could

Implementing renewable energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Implementing renewable energy - Essay Example In this context, renewable energy sources provide a way to overcome the threat of energy security and global warming. Common renewable energy sources available are solar and wind power. These energy sources provide clean energy that is non-polluting, the energy source is free and it will never be depleted (ECI, 2011). The UK government wants to develop this energy source as a viable and active contributor to the economy. However, developing and using these free energy sources is not very easy and a number of challenges and barriers need to be overcome. These challenges include technical, social and financial challenges (Scottish Power, 2004). This paper will examine renewable energy sources in this context and suggest solutions to overcome the challenges. 2. FIT and other renewable energy Schemes initiated by the UK government The UK government has undertaken a few projects to meet its obligations of reducing green house gases. As per the Kyoto protocols, a signatory to the protocols and this includes UK, have agreed to cut down their emissions to pre 1990 levels. UK faces a huge problem of reducing the carbon levels and emissions since it mostly relies on coal fired power plants and nuclear plants for power generation. For 2006, the total amount of Green House Gases - GHG emitted in UK was the equivalent of 7,076 million metric tons of CO2. It is estimated that from these emissions about 2344 Teragrams were due to CO2 emissions from the activities of standard and old electricity power grids (SmartGrid GB, 2012). Other than nuclear power, all other systems and plants generate excessive carbon. Domestic and household consumption in UK makes up for 60% of the power used while other users such as industries, utilities, offices and infrastructure consume the rest. Automobiles account for more than 75% of fossil fuel consumption (Williams, 2010). To promote the use of green and clean energy systems, the UK government has initiated a project that funds and supports s olar energy by residential homes (Bullis, 2012). The proposal is called ‘Feed In Tariff – FIT’. This project involves encouraging households to install small solar panels with solar PV that can generate electricity. The Department of Clean Energy of the UK government has provided a number of subsidies, concessions and other benefits to householders who install these units. The UK government plans to buy back the power generated from these units and give tax breaks or a reduction in the regular utility power consumed by the householders (Lewis, 2006; Lock, 2007). There are different categories of FIT users and this depends on the amount of installed capacity of the plants. The installed capacity in UK for solar energy was 1000 Mega Watts and this is about 0.001% of the UK power requirements. With the FIT program, the government wants to provide solar PV to around four million homes and this should help to generate 22,000 MW of clean energy. As per the Kyoto protoc ols, the UK government must generate at least 12% of the total power consumed by means of renewable energy (EPIA, 2011). The above sections have highlighted the ambitious program of UK government to meet the clean

Examination of people's want Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Examination of people's want - Essay Example Furthermore, those who constantly seek for more evidences about the inception of the universe are considered to have acted with great ingenuity based on the perspective of science. It is therefore important to understand that people have different beliefs, principles, ideology and philosophy in life. It is in this reason that their wants substantially vary from time to time and in every circumstance they are faced with. This essay finds the answer to what the characters discussed in class really want. Furthermore, the proponent tries to analyse how their goals or aims or motivations are related with each other. Kids + money This film â€Å"Kids + money† is produced by Lauren Greenfield which portrays the different wants of young adults that are especially in line or related with money. Kids have various wants in life for the purpose of creating their own fashion statement, to be accepted in a group or to be recognized in their own unique identity. Their substantial want to hav e money is important for them because it is tantamount to achieving material things they desire. In other words, money is very important for them because it is integrated with their social status in the society. Like these kids, some characters discussed in class want material things in today’s contemporary society. ... Cheng Cheng, one of the candidates for Class Monitor pointed out that his opponent was a dictator, which was the concept that his parents wanted him to be aware about. He defined what a dictator is by showing some simple illustrations against his rival Lou Lei. Lou Lei on the other hand, with the help of his father of course, was already exposed to the concept of bribery which was shown in the film as somehow effective in influencing his classmates including the part of gaining their votes. Eventually, Lou Lei won. However, such event has significantly shown how authority or power has been in a great deal was earned. There was involvement of time, effort and strategic thinking among the participants and their parents, which have shown the importance and value of power and authority. Just like the characters in this film, some of those discussed in class have the same want for power and authority too. Buddha and Moses â€Å"But they are fiendishly fascinating too, for they carry keys that open the whole realm of the desired and feared adventure of the discovery of the self† (Campbell 5). Campbell pointed out that soon after the man began to integrate psychological powers into his mind, this could create dangerous messengers that could make or break his entire being and his family. There is a matter of discovery in here. People are looking forward to know the truth. For instance, they want to know what the truth behind their existence. The very evidence in this case is the presence of science and religion. These two have become uneasy companion because they all are motivated by the same quest, and that is to search for the truth and survival. Among the legendary names in history that are

The European Debt Crisis, Can the World Ignore it and Keep it European Research Paper

The European Debt Crisis, Can the World Ignore it and Keep it European - Research Paper Example Most of these outcomes are as a result of the stimulus packages that were passed by the European governments in an aim to stop the economic crisis that is taking place in Europe1. Most the European governments have spent a lot of resources on the stimulus packages in an attempt of preventing themselves from great collapse but have in turn created a debt crisis2. i. Thesis Statement With reference to the discussion question given, this paper will analyze if the world can afford to ignore the European debt crisis and leave it to the Europeans. It will also analyze the causes of the crisis and what the European governments are doing to try and solve the impending crisis which is threatening to destroy the prosperity of the European countries which have been economically stable as compared to the rest of the continent. ii. Discussion The world cannot ignore the European debt crisis because the European countries came into these debts as a result of trying to solve the financial crisis th at many countries were facing at the time. This debt crisis has made so difficult for most of the European countries to finance the debts that are owed by their governments without any assistance from the outside world. By the end of 2010, over 90 of the biggest banks in Europe had lent over 760 Euros to countries like Ireland, Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain. Due to this, the bank system in Europe is on the verge of recession. Every attempt at being made to save a bank system that is struggling with that, the same banking system had lent a lot of money to governments. Despite the financial crisis that is being faced by European governments that Euro has managed to remain stable on the financial market although many financial analysts have predicted of its loosing of strength against all the other market currencies3. In November 2011, it was seen that the Euro was trading slightly higher in the financial market than it was at the beginning of the financial crisis. Three countries that were most affected by the financial crisis were Greece, Ireland and Portugal. These three countries account for 6% of the Eurozone’s gross domestic products (GDP) collectively4. iii. Causes The European debt crisis was caused by the financial markets and other financial institutions which were greedy and blind in terms of the eurozone. In addition to that, there was the adoption of the Euro which led to the biggest drop in the interest rates and a lack of confidence from financial institutions to the European governments5. The domestic demand for finance also went very high which in turn cause a surge in the financial sector and in turn caused the a crisis. The growth of the Eurozone countries which was driven by the services offered domestically and construction was accelerated while the export industry in these countries remained in the same position thereby causing abundance in the foreign capital invested in the Eurozone countries. When European countries went to sav e the globe from a financial crisis, the European countries ended up with debts that the governments cannot afford to pay for. In the meantime as this looming crisis was at hand, Germany was transformed in a historic transformation to become one of the world’s largest exporters6. There was also excessive lending by financial institutions which led to a loss of competitiveness due to the unsound economic developments in several Eurozone countries

Piracy Off Coast of Somalia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Piracy Off Coast of Somalia - Essay Example The Northwestern region of Somalia declared themselves independent in 1991 and in 1998 the Northeastern region established the Puntland State of Somalia. (Ould-Abdallah, 2008). In 2002 local leaders in Baidoa also established a Southwestern State of Somalia. Background shows that before 1990 piracy was not a serious problem on the coast of Somalia. There were a few small incidents with fishing boats, leisure craft and ships, but nothing serious. However, in the 1990s a more organized form of piracy was seen in armed groups attacking vessels claiming to be Coast Guards protecting territorial waters of Somalia. This form of piracy expanded in 2000 to any seafaring vessels that came within or even close to Somalia’s territorial waters. The pirates boarded the vessels and held both ship and sailors hostage for ransom. (Ould-Abdallah, 2008). Interestingly, the pirates are not concerned with cargo or reuse of the ship; they are only concerned with obtaining the ransom. The ships are sailed to one of the bases where the pirates can obtain supplies while demands are being communicated. Since the pirates are armed, it is very difficult to attempt a rescue. The process is very open and they feel very secure that the ransom will be paid to bring the hostage situation to a safe conclusion. (Ould-Abdullah, 2008). The following research information deals with what is going on now, why we are involved, the costs, United States policies, and possible alternatives. Why Piracy in Somalia: Somalia is ravaged with social upheavals, human hardship and environmental challenges. Piracy has become a way to make quick money that is more appealing than any other means of income. There is some risk involved, but the benefits have shown to outweigh the risks. There have been few arrests and fewer injuries suffered by the pirates. (Ould-Abdullah, 2008). The country suffers from poverty, unemployment, environmental drawbacks, and low incomes. There have been lost resources due to dro ught and illegal fishing as well as security and political issues that allow piracy to continue in Somalia. Until someone comes up with a better solution for income generation and the pirates are dealt with more severely, it will continue. It is important to note that the pirates firmly believe they have every right to attack illegal vessels that are in their territorial waters. They feel that their fishing resources are being stolen daily by vessels from Europe and Asia. This has been going on for years; however, nothing has been done about it internationally. Therefore, the Somalia pirates believe their actions are warranted to control the injustice. (Ould-Abdullah, 2008). â€Å"Some pirates have claimed they act as a de facto coast guard, protecting Somalia from illegal fishing and dumping of toxic wastes.† (Minter; Volman, 2009). However, most will admit that they do it for the financial gain, even though some used to be fishermen. In the article by William Minter and Dan iel Volman in June 2009 they contend that piracy alone will not likely provoke U.S. intervention even if U.S. citizens are captured. Most of the captured hostages have been from the Philippines and other developing countries. The shipping companies see the ransom as minor expenses compared to the economic situation worldwide. (Minter; Volman, 2009). In an article by Mark Doyle in 2006 he states that the problem is generally off the long eastern coastline of

The Importance of Body Art as Part of Young People Identity in Britain Essay

The Importance of Body Art as Part of Young People Identity in Britain - Essay Example From the research it can be comprehended that art has been heavily influenced by faith and status among indigenous people or tribes, and the same for the Vatican. Art is seen on canvases of painters, on sounds of music albums, on cave walls, books, museums. Others say that art is natural within every individual, and how people express themselves is itself a form of art. One of the many kinds of art is the body art of which instead of a canvas, the human body is used. Not so long ago tattooing was considered only among the â€Å"tribal people† and then, in sub-cultures. But in recent years, body piercing became a craze. Its popularity has grown so much that some medical experts alarmed people that piercing could be hazardous. Only to fan its popularity. A sample of this is nipple piercing, which was once practiced by the Karankawa Indians of Texas and is still practiced by women of the nomadic Kabyle tribe in the Mountain of Algeria. In the West, nipple piercing has made a rebi rth, with many famous people having their nipples pierced. Generally the reason was for ‘fashion’ and not for any rituals or ceremony purposes. Today, the traditional body painting, body piercing and body tattooing are part of body art. Cosmetics, jewelleries, and surgeries are now the more conventional versions of body adornment. Even if it is traditional way or more advanced way, body art could produce fabulous expressions. Body art is one thing that gets easily accepted among the young people.

Dreams and its Interpretation Essay Example for Free

Dreams and its Interpretation Essay We have always been fascinated with dreams. Numerous theories on the subject have been proposed since the early Greek period attempting to explain the nature and purpose of dreams. During the ancient times, dreams are believed to be inspiration from the gods. That it, the gods uses dreams to communicate their messages and their warnings. The Scripture alone has a large amount of anecdotes expressing the Christian belief on dreams and these beliefs differ on a very little scale with that of the beliefs of the ancient Greeks and Egyptians (Brill, 1922). Passing on from the ancient times, beliefs regarding the nature of dreams have varied little in terms of its religious aspect. But it was not until the late nineteenth century that psychology began to offer a new insight on the subject of dreams. It would be an enormous feat to discuss the various theories regarding dreams and its analysis and interpretation but perhaps it is more than helpful to discuss first the dream process before attempting to look at its analysis and interpretation. According to Auld, Hyman, and Rudzinski (2005), â€Å"the dream gives expression to unconscious forces in a much more direct way than other mental contents do† (p. 185). As it is, dreams only happen when one is asleep. When asleep, the sleeper/dreamer stops actions directed toward the outside world allowing some thoughts and feelings penetrate the mind more freely than when the dreamer is awake. These thoughts and feelings now constitute the dream content. Most dream contents consist of the dreamer’s memories of events of his waking life, usually experiences of the day preceding the dream and conflicts from early childhood that are repressed, and therefore unconscious even in sleep. Dreams become an instrument for the expression and fulfilment for these unconscious conflicts (Auld, Hyman, Rudzinski, 2005). However, these unconscious conflicts and preconscious day residues are not just simply represented into dreams. The dreamer first translates these thoughts and memories into visual images which are then represented by a series of images as they enter the dreamer’s consciousness. The dreamer remembers and reports verbally this series of images. This report is called the manifest dream while the psychological structure from which the manifest dream was developed is called the latent dream. Freud calls this process as the dream-work (the changing of the latent dream into the manifest dream) (Freud, 1920). Freud explains that to be able to interpret the dream, that is, to fully recover the latent dream thoughts as fully as possible, one must get the dreamer to give association to each element of the manifest dream (this is what is called the free-association). He further explains that the manifest dream is a distorted version of the latent dream, not only because thoughts and feelings had to be translated into visual imagery but also because repressive forces of the personality were active and brought about a disguising and censoring transformation material. Freud referred to this as censorship. Other psychological operations involved in the dream-work are condensation, symbolism, dramatization, and secondary revision. In condensation, a single image in the manifest dream can represent several images in the latent dream. Manifest dreams are often represented through symbolism, wherein the elements present in the manifest dream represent the elements present in the latent dream. Dramatization refers to the manner in which the dreamer’s thoughts and feelings are represented through concrete pictorial representations. Finally, the dream elements that are contradictory and of disparate origin, are rearranged in its final manifest form comprehensible to the dreamer. This is referred to as the secondary revision. Once understood, these psychological operations can aid in the interpretation of dreams (Alperin, 2004). REFERENCES: Alperin, R. M. (2004). Toward an integrated understanding of dreams. Clinical Social Work Journal, 32(4), 451-469. Auld, F. , Hyman, M. , Rudzinski, D. (2005). Resolution of inner conflict: An introduction to psychoanalytic therapy (2nd ed. ). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Brill, A. A. (1922). Psychanalysis: Its theories and practical application. London: WB Saunders Co. Freud, S. (1920). A general introduction to psychoanalysis. New York: Horace Liveright.

Fractional Representation and Its Methodology Essay Example for Free

Fractional Representation and Its Methodology Essay There are a great many different ideas and thoughts found in the world of art. In some instances, art draws from sources not routinely associated with art. Such is the case with fractional representation. This is a style of art popularized by the Egyptians that combines spatial images of the same object to create an image. Somewhat rooted in geometry, a common example of this type of art would be the painting of a God whose face was in profile but the eyes are in a frontal position. There is also a great deal of religious symbolism found in this genre of art. In many instances, this type of art is employed to create replications of religious figures. One such example of this can be visible in the wall painting of a ship crossing a river. (http://www. 1destination. com/egypt/images/barque. jpg) In the imagery of this painting, men, gods, and the queen are visible traveling on their boat. The strange spatial imagery gives it a somewhat unearth like feel. In a way, it comes to life but appears to be a vision into another dimension. This is a tremendous visual element, but it also has a profound effect on spiritual sensory aspects. No one can see into the otherworld. This is why the imagery in Egyptian art is so very special. It creates an otherworldly appearance. This has a mesmerizing psychological effect on those who view it. Because it seems like such a realistic vision into another dimension, it provides additional re-enforcement on a subconscious level of belief in the gods. Also, the presence of royalty in the picture would have the effect of subconsciously equating Egyptian royalty with the gods.

Religion and the State in the US

Religion and the State in the US The separation of church and state in the United States Religion in the United States Religious belief among Americans today is as vigorous, dynamic and widespread as it ever has been. Immigration constantly brings new and different religious traditions and practices to the United States, even as the Christian traditions to which most Americans adhere continue to adapt to the needs of an ever-changing population. Approximately ninety percent of Americans profess a belief in God, and religion remains a pervasive influence on American culture, politics and public policy. No Established State Religion: The separation of church and state Yet the United States is among the few nations in the world that eschew an established state religion-indeed it was the first to do so, in 1791. As a result, the government is prohibited from supporting or endorsing any religion, or promoting one at the expense of another. Among other things, this means it cannot appoint religious leaders, compel worship or prayer, provide official interpretations of sacred scriptures, or define creedal statements of faith. Although this arrangement is widely known in the United States as the separation of church and state, owing to the predominance of Christian churches, it also applies to mosques, synagogues, and indeed all religious institutions of any sort. Scholars often use the term disestablishment to specify the legal aspect of the concept, but by whatever name it is a core principle and defining feature of American political life. The Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776: Representatives of 13 British colonies in North America published the Declaration of Independence, an open letter to the world stating their reasons for breaking the American ties of allegiance to King George V, written primarily by Thomas Jefferson: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. What does this mean? The Declaration argued that human rights were given by God, but that they must be protected by a government whose powers are derived from the consent of the governed, not from royal lineage or divine sanction. In its entirety, the declaration did not offer a detailed theory of church and state, much less codify it into law, but these passages do imply a certain view of the relationship between religion and government. According to this document: God is to be acknowledged as the creator of humankind and source of inalienable rights. Government is properly understood as a human, not divine, institution whose authority and power is derived from citizens themselves, not from God. This concept is known as popular sovereignty, which President Abraham Lincoln would famously describe nearly a hundred years later as Government of the people, by the people and for the people. The Declaration of Independence is highly esteemed in American culture not merely as the document that marked the United States independence as a nation, but also as a succinct statement of the founding values of this country. Bill of Rights December 15, 1791: This became part of the United States Constitution. It gave American citizens the most extensive guarantees of liberty the world had ever seen. If the Declaration of Independence signaled the founding of the new nation upon grand ideals of freedom, the Bill of Rights gave power to that promise. It guaranteed the rights to religious freedom, free speech and free association; protections against self-incrimination and unlawful search and seizure; guarantees of public trial, legal counsel and the due process of law; and the extraordinary recognition that citizens have many other powers and rights not enumerated in the Constitution. First right in the bill: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, nor prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Challenges to the freedom of religion The right to the free exercise of religion is not absolute, at least as it applies to religious practices. While American citizens enjoy the absolute liberty of conscience (meaning that they are legally entitled to believe or reject any idea, religious or otherwise, that they encounter), it would be impossible for them to have equal rights to act upon those ideas without being subject to some sort of regulation. Some of these actions would conflict with the goals or actions of others, and the freedom of one or the other person would therefore be restricted. Thus in principle the laws and regulations protecting the free exercise of religion are intended to grant an individual the most expansive set of liberties compatible with the same liberties granted to all others. Conclusion The separation of church and state, and the freedom of conscience it is intended to protect, are widely embraced core principles of the American form of liberal democracy. Church-state separation is at once simple in concept and irredeemably complex in practice. In a sense the aspiration for legal neutrality vis-Ã  -vis religion is doomed to failure because the concept of disestablishment itself rests upon a distinctively Protestant Christian understanding of religion as something that can be equated with faith, then privatized and separated from other parts of life. But in another sense, the lively experiment of religious liberty in the United States has been an extraordinary success, and not just for Protestants: thousands of different religious groups now make up the American religious landscape. Religion in the United States The religious landscape in the United States is shifting rapidly. We used to be a nation where most people identified themselves as Christian; today there are not only more Christian sects, but also growing numbers of people who belong to other faith traditions, and growing numbers who are not affiliated with any religion or are not believers. According to the national surveys, religious affiliation in the United States is both very diverse and extremely fluid. United States public is becoming less religion A study by the Pew Research Center made in 2014 compared data to 2007: The share of U.S. adults who say they believe in God declined from approximately 92% to 89%. The share of Americans who say they are absolutely certain God exists has dropped more sharply, from 71% in 2007 to 63% in 2014. The falloff in traditional religious beliefs and practices coincides with changes in the religious composition of the U.S. public. A growing share of Americans are religiously unaffiliated, including some who self-identify as atheists or agnostics as well as many who describe their religion as nothing in particular. Altogether, the religiously unaffiliated (also called the nones) now account for 23% of the adult population, up from 16% in 2007. Mixed religious backgrounds on the rise About one-in-five U.S. adults were raised with a mixed religious background, according to a new Pew Research Center study. This includes about one-in-ten who say they were raised by two people, both of whom were religiously affiliated but with different religions, such as a Protestant mother and a Catholic father, or a Jewish mother and a Protestant stepfather. An additional 12% say they were raised by one person who was religiously affiliated (e.g., with Protestantism, Catholicism, Judaism or another religion) and another person who was religiously unaffiliated (atheist, agnostic or nothing in particular). Still the exception To be sure, religiously mixed backgrounds remain the exception in America. Eight-in-ten U.S. adults say they were raised within a single religion, including two-thirds who say they were raised by two people who shared the same religion (or both of whom were religiously unaffiliated). An additional 14% who say they were raised by a single parent. But the number of Americans raised in interfaith homes appears to be growing. Fully one-quarter of young adults in the Millennial generation (27%) say they were raised in a religiously mixed family. Fewer Generation Xers (20%), Baby Boomers (19%) and adults from the Silent and Greatest generations (13%) say they were raised in such a household. Religious nones Americans are most likely to identify in adulthood as religiously unaffiliated if they were raised exclusively by a parent or parents who were unaffiliated themselves. Indeed, among adults who say they were raised either by a single parent who had no religion or by two people who were both religious nones, a solid majority (62%) identify as nones today. But there also are many nones who come from religiously mixed backgrounds. Nearly four-in-ten of those who say they had one parent who identified with a religion and another parent who was religiously unaffiliated describe themselves as nones today (38%). And one-quarter of those raised by a Protestant and a Catholic are now religiously unaffiliated (26%). One-in-five people who were raised exclusively by Catholics are religious nones today, as are 14% of those who say they were raised solely by Protestants. Catholics Most people raised solely by Catholics (62%) continue to identify as Catholics in adulthood, which is on par with the share of those raised solely by nones who remain religiously unaffiliated today. But those raised by one Catholic parent and one non-Catholic parent have less than a 50-50 chance of identifying with Catholicism as adults. Among U.S. adults from a mixed Protestant/Catholic background, for example, just 29% identify as Catholics today, while 38% are Protestants and 26% are nones. Protestants Eight-in-ten people raised exclusively within Protestantism continue to identify as Protestants today. And 56% of those raised by a Protestant parent and a religiously unaffiliated parent now identify as Protestants. Mother knows best Most Americans who were raised by a biological or adoptive mother and father say their parents played an equal role in their religious upbringing. But among the roughly four-in-ten adults who say one of their parents (either biological or adoptive) was more responsible for their religious upbringing, far more name their mother than their father. Moms seem to have been especially influential in the religious upbringing of people from interfaith families. Nearly half (46%) of those raised by parents affiliated with two different religions say their mother was primarily responsible for their religious upbringing, while just 7% say their father took primary responsibility; the rest say both parents played equally important roles in their religious upbringing (41%) or give some other answer, such as that they were not raised in any religion (3%).

Social Penetration Essay -- Psychology Essays

Social Penetration "Decisions about self-disclosure - whether to reveal one's thoughts, feelings, or past experiences to another person, or the level of intimacy of such disclosure - are part of the everyday life of most persons" (Derlega and Berg, 1987, p. ix). The decisions one makes on the issue of whether or not to self-disclose with others affects not only the types of relationships one will have with others and how they are perceived, but also how well they know themselves. Clearly, self-disclosure plays a major role in the development of close relationships. Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor, the theorists behind Social Penetration theory, recognized this fact and designed their theory to illustrate and explain this process of self-disclosure through social penetration. In this paper, I will explain Altman and Taylor's Social Penetration theory and the framework behind it, offer come critiques that have been made about the theory by other communication scholars, and present examples of studies conducted using the ideas of social penetration. To understand the idea of Social Penetration theory, one must first understand the ideas behind it, and more specifically, its framework. The theory focuses around the idea that within every relationship social penetration processes exist. Altman and Taylor (1973) explain that these processes include "verbal exchange, nonverbal use of the body, use of the physical environment, and interpersonal perceptions - all of which are exhibited at different levels of intimacy of encounter" (p. 3). The goal of Social Penetration theory is to describe the "formation, maintenance, and dissolution of close relationships" (Derlega & Berg, 1987, p. 5). According to the theory, the form... ...ocial penetration theory. I used Griffin's text mainly as a source for my critiques of the theory. Jourard, S. M. (1971). Self-disclosure: an experimental analysis of the transparent self. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This publication is another psychology oriented edition about self-disclosure. I didn't use any information from this book because it was all repetition from the other sources I gathered. I used the other source information because I found it more reputable. Tannen, D. (1986). That's not what I mean! How conversational style makes or breaks relationships. New York, NY: Ballantine. Deborah Tannen, the author, is the theorist behind genderlects. The only information I used from this book was the quote about the differences between how men and women are seasoned to communicate. Nothing else was relevant to my topic.

A Unique and Meaningful Life Essay -- Philosophy Essays

A Unique and Meaningful Life A unique and meaningful life is compatible with the concept of a moral agent’s deliberative frame. In defense of this assertion, I will argue in favour of Barbara Herman’s Kantian discussion of moral obligation, which suggests that moral conflict occurs in the agent’s grounds of obligation. Grounds of obligation are facts recognized and considered by the agent during moral deliberation; they are â€Å"facts of a certain sort. They have moral significance because they are defining features of our (human) rational natures that limit what we can rationally will (as defined by the CI procedure)† (318).[1] The grounds are not reasons for acting but are guides for deliberation; the facts considered in a given situation are founded in one’s deliberative frame, namely matters of importance to the moral agent.[2] Similar to Herman’s defense of Kant, I will argue that moral conflict may occur among the grounds of obligation in the agentâ₠¬â„¢s deliberative frame, but never in one’s duty because the CI will always determine only one moral obligation. I will then anticipate two criticisms to counter Herman’s defense of Kant. The first criticism proposes that the individual field of deliberation - that contains â€Å"not only [the agent’s] interest and private projects but also the interests of others as possible sources of claims on [the agent’s] actions and resources† (331) - can lead to conflicting assumptions about duties in the members of society as a whole. And the second criticism arises from Herman’s rejection of the feeling of guilt in the Kantian model, in situations of moral conflict.[3] The critics I present accept that the moral agent has a life of her own following from the concept... ... 1990. Notes: [1] Throughout my paper, I will be using â€Å"CI† as short form for Kant’s Categorical Imperative [2] I will be using both female and male subjects when referring to the moral agent [3] A â€Å"field of deliberation† is another way of defining the â€Å"deliberative frame† (as described above); both contain grounds of obligation when referring to the considerations taken by the moral agent during her deliberation [4] Basically there are only two options since given the opportunity, she must save one. [5] Restitution and Remainder are terms that need not be defined since my anticipated critics will focus on the notion of guilt. [6] It may seem that the feeling of guilt is irrelevant to the discussion of an agent’s deliberative frame; however, the second critic hopes that finding a flaw in Herman’s argument will lead to a rejection of the concept. A Unique and Meaningful Life Essay -- Philosophy Essays A Unique and Meaningful Life A unique and meaningful life is compatible with the concept of a moral agent’s deliberative frame. In defense of this assertion, I will argue in favour of Barbara Herman’s Kantian discussion of moral obligation, which suggests that moral conflict occurs in the agent’s grounds of obligation. Grounds of obligation are facts recognized and considered by the agent during moral deliberation; they are â€Å"facts of a certain sort. They have moral significance because they are defining features of our (human) rational natures that limit what we can rationally will (as defined by the CI procedure)† (318).[1] The grounds are not reasons for acting but are guides for deliberation; the facts considered in a given situation are founded in one’s deliberative frame, namely matters of importance to the moral agent.[2] Similar to Herman’s defense of Kant, I will argue that moral conflict may occur among the grounds of obligation in the agentâ₠¬â„¢s deliberative frame, but never in one’s duty because the CI will always determine only one moral obligation. I will then anticipate two criticisms to counter Herman’s defense of Kant. The first criticism proposes that the individual field of deliberation - that contains â€Å"not only [the agent’s] interest and private projects but also the interests of others as possible sources of claims on [the agent’s] actions and resources† (331) - can lead to conflicting assumptions about duties in the members of society as a whole. And the second criticism arises from Herman’s rejection of the feeling of guilt in the Kantian model, in situations of moral conflict.[3] The critics I present accept that the moral agent has a life of her own following from the concept... ... 1990. Notes: [1] Throughout my paper, I will be using â€Å"CI† as short form for Kant’s Categorical Imperative [2] I will be using both female and male subjects when referring to the moral agent [3] A â€Å"field of deliberation† is another way of defining the â€Å"deliberative frame† (as described above); both contain grounds of obligation when referring to the considerations taken by the moral agent during her deliberation [4] Basically there are only two options since given the opportunity, she must save one. [5] Restitution and Remainder are terms that need not be defined since my anticipated critics will focus on the notion of guilt. [6] It may seem that the feeling of guilt is irrelevant to the discussion of an agent’s deliberative frame; however, the second critic hopes that finding a flaw in Herman’s argument will lead to a rejection of the concept.

Essay --

In the novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà «, Jane isn’t really social. In her early childhood she was very much isolated. Her aunt and cousins didn’t like her so they didn’t deal with her. Jane was comfortable being away because she would always get in trouble. Jane would either defend herself or just be picked on and she gets in trouble. Jane found ways to cope with being isolated, she was different and she was fine with that. After Jane has been at Thornfield for a while, she is somewhat frightened by the laughing she hears while a fire breaks out in Mr. Rochester’s room. The frightening laugh gets Jane wondering if that person has committed this. Jane is able to put the fire out and save Mr. Rochester. After the fire incident, Mr. Rochester leaves for about a week or so. Since Jane and Mr. Rochester are secretly in love she constantly wonders when he is coming back. When he writes and says that he will be back soon with guests, the house begins to get ready because they don’t usually have guests. When everyone arrives, Jane sees that Mr. Rochester is sitting next to a women name B...

Oral Health Disparities Health And Social Care Essay

Oral wellness disparities between autochthonal and non-indigenous populations are reflected across the universe. The Maori are the autochthonal population of New Zealand ( NZ ) and do up about 17 % of the entire population. They have higher degrees of offense, lower life anticipations and lower incomes compared to other cultural populations in NZ. Unfortunately unwritten wellness position seems to follow this tendency. The 2009 New Zealand Oral Health Survey ( NZOHS 2009 ) , the first national study on unwritten wellness position in NZ, showed that although big betterments have been made in unwritten wellness with the population, unluckily the health care system was neglecting to run into the demands of the Maori population and particularly its kids see table 1. This was in maintaining with findings from other surveies. Number of lasting dentitions with untreated coronal decay per individual, among kids and striplings aged 5-17 old ages, by population group ( adjusted ratio of agencies and difference in agencies )Group of involvementReference groupAdjustment variablesRatio of agenciesDifference in agenciesMale childs MaI„ori Pacific Asiatic Most deprived vicinities ( NZDep2006 ) 1 Girls Non-MaI„ori Non-Pacific Non-Asian Least deprived vicinities Age group Age group, sex Age group, sex Age group, sex Age group, sex, cultural group 1.0 2.4* 1.3 0.6 1.4 0.0 0.1* 0.0 0.0 0.0 Beginning: 2009 New Zealand Oral Health Survey Note: Entire response criterion end product for MaI„ori, Pacific and Asian cultural groups has been used. 1 For vicinity want, the ratio of agencies and difference in agencies refer to the comparative index of inequality ( RII ) and the incline of inequality ( SII ) , severally. See methods for more inside informations. * Indicates a statistically important consequence ( p-value & lt ; 0.05 ) . Factors which are thought to lend to this inequality spread are a combination of cultural, socioeconomic, healthcare handiness, lifestyle issues, and favoritism and consist of: The low consumption of alveolar consonant attention services within the Maori population ( 6 ) . New Zealand even though it has good entree to dental attention for kids and striplings it appears that Maori kids were less likely to see a dental professional than kids of other cultural groups. Even though Maori grownups admitted to a high degree of perceived demand they were less likely to see a tooth doctor and cited costs for dental services as an of import factor. Maori kids and grownups were less likely to brush their dentitions with toothpaste incorporating 1000 parts per million ( ppm ) fluoride compared with other cultural groups. Besides they were less likely to brush their dentitions twice a twenty-four hours ( 6 ) . Here the demand for positive unwritten wellness behavior is highlighted. The NZOHS 2009 found discrepancies in unwritten wellness position between people resident in countries with fluoridated and non-fluoridated imbibing H2O. Disparities between age groups with immature grownups age between 18 to 34 old ages holding a significantly worse unwritten wellness position. Social economic want compounded inequalities in unwritten wellness position and this is consistent with old wellness studies in NZ and international comparings. Peoples resident in high socio-economically deprived countries had poorer unwritten wellness position.Sketch a realistic design of a service to run into the demandsIn seeking to undertake the inequality in unwritten wellness for the Maori population one has to turn to the issues merely decribed and particularly of the low consumption for alveolar consonant attention services. Here the plan would hold to turn to the barriers to care and other determiners. These would include entree to fluoride, and dietetic advice, and cognition of costs and dental service entitlements. The purposes of the service would be: To promote and advance unwritten wellness To better and develop comfortss and services that best trade with the unwritten wellness demands of the Mauri population To better and back up the unwritten wellness work force To acertain and develop quality in the service. A community-based plan could be instigated and would look at including the followers: An accent on preschool kids to be registered with the school dental service at one twelvemonth old. Surveies allude to a less than 60 % grade in registration for kids under 5 old ages old. The integrating of unwritten wellness attention services with mainstream general wellness attention would besides ease improved entree. Using skill mix of dental professionals in order to accomplish optimal bringing. Using unwritten health care professionals healers, clinical denta technicians, The service would look at increasing the capableness and capacity of current Maori wellness attention suppliers and healers and besides by the proviso of new services. The proviso of grounds based bar such as fluoride toothpastes, fluoride varnishes, crevice sealers, fluoridated H2O will be at the head of intervention schemes. Although at present there is non adequate grounds to propose one better than the other crevice sealers and fluoride varnish programmes programmes will be built-in to the service. The puting up of a Maori unwritten wellness squad within the community consisting of a tooth doctor supported by dental attention professionals such as healers. This could be aided ab initio by the usage of maori tooth doctors / therapists/ healthcare workers to better prosecute the popultation. Sing entree the service would include the proviso of a dental installations in close propinquity to the communities and this could be in either in the signifier of new surgeries in community scenes ( eg community centres/ schools ) and or the usage of nomadic dental surgeries. These installations would be marketed and awareness raised within the Maori community. They would be equipped with modern equipment and meet modern wellness and safety ordinances. Staffing would chiefly conisist of dental healers helped with dental helpers overseen by a part-time or full clip tooth doctor. They would handle kids and striplings but be able to offer attention to grownups. Offering attention to grownups that do non measure up from freedom of dental fees would intend the puting up of payment installations. The demand to turn to cost concerns for grownups sing dental attention is of import. Cost was identified as a major barrier to entree ( 6 ) . The publicity of dental services available and their costs, particularly information on entitlements to those with low socio-economic standing, would be propagated by the squad. Child and adolescent alveolar consonant attention consumes most of the public dental budget and hence bar utilizing dental work force accomplishment mix is polar and can be more economical. Dental healers could be used to advance healthy behaviors and besides be used for intercessions such as fluoride varnish and crevice sealers. Robust links with other primary attention professionals would be forged and the bringing of wellness messages utilizing a common hazard factor attack facilitated. The nexus between unwritten wellness and general wellness is widely acknowledged and the linking with other healthcare suppliers who may be in a better, and more community established place, would be favorable. In turn toing unwritten wellness attention behaviors such as brushing at least twice a twenty-four hours and utilizing fluoridated toothpaste which has at least 1000ppm fluoride will necessitate undertanding of the societal determiners of unwritten attention. Programs to supply free, or at decreased cost, toothbrushes and toothpaste could be looked at. The usage of Maori health care professionals would help the bringing of messages every bit good as provide feedback. The drawn-out household ( whanau ) construct would be integrated seamlessly into the proviso of dental attention. Witinh the community, attending of household members would be encouraged and the whole pattern of regularly sing dental professionals impressed as usual behavior. The designation and usage of nodal people within the maori community to circulate the benefits of behavioral alteration would assist to increase consciousness of unwritten wellness ( oranga niho ) within the Maori comminuty. Health publicity with messages on entree to fluorides, dietetic advice on sugars, unwritten hygiene processs, and smoking surcease would be provided. The handiness of fluoridated H2O at 1ppm fluoride would be looked at. Fluoridated H2O has been shown to cut down the incidence of dental cavities in populations. Notwithstanding its defects entree to fluoridated H2O would be an assistance in cut downing cavities degrees and acquiring bar into difficult to make communities. As H2O fluoridization could be frought with troubles so other methods of increasing fluoride availabilty non mentioned antecedently could be considered, such as milk flouridation. Milk fluoridization has been shown to be an assistance in cut downing cavities degrees.Describe the rules you would utilize for be aftering the service and implementing.The rules that would underly any strategic planning rhythm would be: Support from stakeholders and national organic structures. There would necessitate to be top degree support, direction and way. Support from other health care services and a multidisciplinary attack. Evidence based attention would be supported. A coherent and methodical attack to financial projection and proviso A structured procedure for execution detailed in comprehensive planning Evaluation of procedure and result. Throughout one would be looking at placing barriers to alter and so seeking to turn to and take them. The strategic planning rhythm would hold the undermentioned stairss: Strategic way Needs appraisal Explicating purposes and aims. Stipulate needed characteristics Contemplate options Creat detailed program. Implement program Monitor and measure. Re-evaluate. First guaranting that national statute law and policy way is taken into history during planning. The World Health Organisation advocated that unwritten wellness be integrated as portion of general wellness attention policies of states in its 2005 Liverpool Declaration. In NZ the national unwritten wellness scheme papers â€Å" Good Teeth for all for life † supports this and sets out the vision for unwritten wellness attention in the close hereafter. This has been informed at national degree and will impact and order regional policy and scheme. It has been guided by the New Zealand Health Strategy and others such as the Maori Health Startegy, Health of Older People Strategy, New Zealand Disability Strategy, Maori Child Oral Health and School Dental Service reviews. Service planning should besides take into history the function and standard operating processs advocated by regulative organic structures such as the Quality Improvement Agency ( Health Quality and Safety Commission ) , and the Dental Council of New Zealand under the Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003. An environmental analysis would be of import in giving a clear image of the current unwritten wellness demands at local degree and the service availabilty. This would be really utile in planning and aid to set up the geographical logistics, grade and type of service required and workforce options present. Insight into the adaptability required from the service in managing with unpredictable fluctuations in demand. Clinicians and patients positions can be conflicting in their assesment of service demands and it is of import to undertand both sides. Determining the figure of bilingual health care workers would be an illustration of the informations that would be collected during the environmental analysis. Expressed demand from patients will change significantly from that of normative demand thought by clinicians. Here sociodental steps of unwritten wellness could be used if possible to acquire a better apprehension of the psychological and societal affects of unwritten wellness and di sease. Cultural apprehension of Maori behavior will be helped by commnuity input. Required service features can so be specified. These would include the location, range of pattern, work force staffing, estate direction, preparation required and information engineering needed. Evidence based attention would inform the range and type of pattern needed. The integrating of unwritten wellness services with a multidisciplinary attack should seek to be incorporated. It has been shown that in comparing with the remainder of the population Maoris are more likely to smoke, be corpulent, and have high blood pressure. Consideration would so be given to the options available to turn to the needed service characteristics. Options such as increasing capacity of bing services or put ining new 1s or a combination of both would be thought approximately. Workforce options such as developing new and bing personel, proviso of scholarships for preparation, and consideration for abroad enlisting would be looked at. Choices for commissioning and paths of support would necessitate to be considered. Options for developing publically funded unwritten wellness services with and /or without prosecuting the private sector could be considered. Risk impact analysis would assist to inform planning. Contribution from the District Health Boards ( DHBs ) and Maori Healthcare Providers once more would be utile. The following phase in planning would be to bring forth a elaborate program which would demo lines of answerability and clip frames. Target times would be allocated and the procedure of rating of the planning procedure included. The usage of Gantt charts would be advised. The of import portion of really implementing the program needs to be looked at closely. Once the program has been approved farther appraisal would be carried out to place any barriers that may impede execution and so efforts to get the better of them instigated. Informing the local relevant commissions and clinicians is an of import measure. Educational meetings, conferences, and workshops to inform and educate health care professionals about the program and grounds based bar schemes would assist to alter clinical behavior. Identifying inspiring sentiment leaders who can act upon healthcare professionals and execute a mentoring function thereby easing consciousness and credence of alterations in clinical pattern would be favorable. Execution should affect get the better ofing barriers at the public degree and negotiations for local Maori communities should be arranged. This would once more profit by being addressed by Maori wellness professionals. Raising consciousness of the program and practical issues for the commuinity could be tackled. The usage of media and local influential people such as community seniors would be utile in community conformity with the service. Local indorsement for undertakings such as H2O fuoridation would be helped by the fosterage of these community confederations. Evaluation of the procedure of execution and auditing of the results should be emphasised at the beginning. Formulation and usage of scrutinizing tools with outcome steps should be agreed and actioned. Results and procedure should be judged against recognized quality steps and this should continuously feedback and inform the planning rhythm. These should embrace unwritten wellness related quality of life indexs every bit good as clinical 1s. Normally a lame association has been found when these 2 types of indexs have been compared. Evaluation of the service should include safety, effectivity, conformity with grounds based research, and staying with planned budgets.Describe how you would guarantee quality in the new serviceQuality in health care services is a really of import issue. Maxwell ( 1984 ) described it necessitating to see effectivity, entree, efficiency and economic system, relevancy, and equity. Structure, procedure and result are related facets that quality can be measured by. To guarantee quality in the proposed service there will be a Clinical Governance Framework which will include all apsects of the service. First a quality squad would be set up and quality defined and criterions agreed on. This squad would include service user representation ( Maori representation ) , bottom degree service provders ( tooth doctors, healers, healthcare forces ) and besides high degree personel ( health care directors, national stakeholder organic structures ) . Good relationships between all parties would necess itate to be fostered to advance trust and agreement. Agreed criterions should efficaciously stand for aspects of patient safety, effectivity of attention, and patient experience. This has been put frontward by Lord Darzi in UK and has been developed to put out the seven spheres of quality. Criteria would so be set on mensurating these criterions. These should conform with the current criterions expected and set out by the New Zealand Dental Association ( NZDA ) and the Dental Council of New Zealand such as NZDA Codes of Practice ( 24 ) , NZDA Code of Ethics, NZDA/DCNZ Joint Dentists ‘ Code of Practice: Informed Consent, DCNZ Code of Practice: Informed Consent ( for alveolar consonant healers, dental hygienists and aides and dental technicians/clinical alveolar consonant technicians ) , NZDA/DCNZ Joint Dentists ‘ Code of Practice: Sexual Boundaries in the Dentist A ­ Patient Relationship. Standardized quality steps will be agreed upon to enable monitoring. This once more will include all parts of the planning and execution procedure. Monitoring and scrutinizing public presentation can be a fraught with troubles and set uping a quality outcomes model will be supportive. Measuring quality against agreed criterions is indispensable and can besides supply of import feedback into the audit rhythm. Monitoring will include: Clinical results Stakeholder and community ( Maori ) positions Research and studies Auditing tools for clinical attention results would be constructed and made available to appropritate forces to finish. The effectual usage of information engineerings and package would be used. This would particularly assist to garner informations on entree and consumption. The positions and sentiments of service users ( patients and clinical forces ) would be actively sought. Creation of a research group/ committee will set up links with The Health Research Council of New Zealand and via The Strategic Plan for Maori Health Ressearch 2010-2015, aid to back up appropriate research. Subsequent findings will be disseminated and used to inform farther policy. Hence this will supply valuable information and promote and better quality. After informations aggregation assessment of pattern can be made against the in agreement criterions and designation of jobs, issues, and hapless and good public presentation attained. Changes required to better public presentation can be agreed on and so impemented. The service would be capable to changeless periodical reappraisals. By sporadically measuring and scrutinizing the service, quality can be improved and more significantly the whole system can be kept feasible and appropriate for the demands of the population for which it was intended. In decision, for a new service to accomplish its purposes adeqeuate planning and execution are a requirement. This should actively and invariably affect all stakeholder sentiments and positions. Quality confidence should be planned in from the start and implemented. The service designed which should integrate an incorporate multidisciplinary attack which understands the complex societal, environmental, and economic determiners of unwritten wellness may so hold a opportunity at being effectual in cut downing unwritten wellness inequalities.