Friendly Cards - 972 Words

Friendly Cards, Inc. By: 1. Should Friendly Cards purchase the envelope machine? If so, how? Friendly Cards would be able to purchase the machine for $500,000. This machine would be able to produce the same amount of envelopes that it is currently purchasing for 1.5 million in 1987. The†¦show more content†¦This capital will reduces its financial ratios so they meet the restrictions if it issues the new equity, but it might not be sustainable for the coming years because it is not reoccurring cash flow and Friendly Cards will need to borrow more capital for further growth. If the sales continue to grow at the current rate in the future the ratios could increase again. This would not be good for long-term growth due to the fact that it will sell its stock for a discount and if the other two options are executed the extra capital will not be necessary (See Exhibit 4). New ratios with the issue of new equity (Assuming both envelope machine and Creative Design acquisition take place) | Actual Data | | Projected Data | Ratios | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | Bank loan / Receivables | 0.80 | 0.74 | 0.87 | | 0.70 | 0.76 | 0.80 | Liabilities / Equity | 3.00 | 5.22 | 4.72 | | 2.47 | 2.36 | 2.28 | Interest bearing debt / Equity | 1.91 | 3.51 | 3.13 | | 1.49 | 1.42 | 1.35 | Another reason is that this equity will come at a high cost due to the fact that it will lower the EPS and dilute the shares. Due to the stock markets recent crash and down turn, the shares will be sold at a discount and is not worth the capital at this time. Friendly Cards should not sell shares at this time. It will be better off purchasing the envelope machine and acquiring Creative Design Inc to bring itsShow MoreRelatedFriendly Card1090 Words   |  5 Pages ESTIMATION OF GROWTH RATES The value of a firm is ultimately determined not by current cash flows but by expected future cash flows. The estimation of growth rates in earnings and cash flows is therefore central to doing a reasonable valuation. Growth rates can be obtained in many ways: they can be based upon past growth; drawn from estimates made by other analysts who follow the firm; or related to the firms fundamentals. Since each of these approaches yields some valuable information, it makesRead MoreFriendly Cards Case Analysis3519 Words   |  15 PagesInvestment Decisions Summary of Facts Friendly Cards, Inc. (first named Beaumont Greeting Card Co.) is a greeting card company started in 1978, in New York City by Wendy Beaumont. The company has experienced rapid growth, acquiring like companies and expanding its market base. The company became public through a stock offering at $3 per share. From an operational viewpoint, Friendly cards performed all production at its plant in Reading, Connecticut. Company sales include nearly 30% from ChristmasRead MoreFriendly Cards, Inc Essay3470 Words   |  14 PagesFriendly Cards, Inc. Statement of the problem: Amy McConville, a friend and financial consultant of Wendy Beaumont, the president of Friendly Cards Inc., needs to come up with some suggestions concerning the financing of Friendlys expansion. Amy has been doing research on the firm and money is tight right now. The cost of financing growth right now is high and Friendly Cards is projecting 20% growth in sales next year and even more the following year. The company has never been withoutRead MoreMy Best Friends Invited Me With Pizza And A Friendly Game Of Cards And The Broca s Area878 Words   |  4 PagesMy best friends invited me over for pizza and a friendly game of cards and the Broca’s area, which deals with language and speech; the hippocampus, that plays a crucial part in memory; the hypothalamus, partly controlling my body’s endocrine and hormone- producing system and the occipital lobe allowing me to see all that goes on around me, all are parts of my brain which was involved during the evening of eating p izza, socializing, and playing cards with my friends. First, the part of the brain thatRead MoreEco Friendly Housekeeping3828 Words   |  16 PagesHotels†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 4. Eco- Friendly†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 5. The Origin†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 6. Ecotels†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.............8 7. ECOTEL Certification Services†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...10 8. Eco Friendly Concept†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 9. First World Ecotel†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.............12 10. First Ecotel In India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 11. Housekeeping †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 12. Housekeeping and Eco-Friendly†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..............15 13. Eco Friendly Amenities Products and Processes†¦15 14. Eco Friendly Housekeeping †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.17 15. Eco Friendly Products†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreMy Experience with Target Essay648 Words   |  3 Pageswalked with me towards the counter as I was about to make a purchase. As it was my second time to shop there, she asked me whether I would like to have a Target Master card, she provided me with information about how I can earn the rewards and benefits from using that card. She helped me in following the procedures for applying the card. Ms Aayats professionalism and ability to get to the bottom of the situation quickly exceeded my expectations and I left the store with smile. Later, I thought toRead MoreCase Study Essay793 Words   |  4 Pagessexual harassment policy. Prior to Lewistons termination he was a senior maintenance employee with an above-average work record who had worked for the PCUSD for eleven years. He had been a widower since 2003 and was described by his coworkers as a friendly, outgoing, but lonely individual. Beverly Gilbury was a fifth-grade teacher working in the districts Advanced Learning Program. She was twenty-eight years old and married and had worked for PCUSD for six years. At the time of the incidents, LewistonRead MoreThe Positive And Negative Criticism988 Words   |  4 Pages but is a hallmark of solid pedagogy and maintenance of interpersonal relations. Positive criticism is the process of offering valid and well-reasoned opinions about the work of others, usually involving both positive and negative comments, in a friendly manner rather than an oppositional one. Like for example, â€Å"Criticism from bosses can be har d to swallow. But research shows there are more constructive ways for managers to deliver negative feedback, and that bosses should use positive comments aRead MoreThe Ultimate Guide For Clash Royale2252 Words   |  10 Pagesto Clash Royale Clash Royale is a unique game that includes different kinds of cards, different levels of cards, towers, spells and much more. The goal of the game is to destroy the other teams towers. You have three minutes to do so by the end of that time whoever has destroyed more towers. If you have the same amount then you will go into a one minute overtime (but a three minute overtime will be had if in a friendly battle or challenge) where whoever takes the next tower first wins. However, ifRead MoreStrapped, By Tamara Draut884 Words   |  4 Pageswith the burden of credit card debt. Draut argues that college campuses aren’t sufficiently regulating card companies on campus, therefore putting their students at risk for debt. Subsequently, Draut also presents her opinion on credit card debt in the excerpt, â€Å"Strapped.† She discusses how credit card debt can negatively affect the lives of many young adults, which may lead to more problems down the road. She informs young college students about the dangers of credit cards. Draut explains that irresponsible

Gender Inequality between Males and Females in India

Gender and Indians Response #1: There is decided gender inequality between male and female people of the world. Women in the past, and even in the present by unenlightened people, were referred to as the weaker sex. It was believed by the majority of people that just because a person was born with the physical attributes of a woman, this made an impact on her personality and mental and physical abilities. This gender classification also demanded that she behave in a certain way, in ways befitting her gender. In the article The Gender Blur, author Deborah Blum questions whether biology has an inherent impact on the actions of a person or whether the inclinations of one gender over the other are due to social pressures regarding gender norms. Although there are certain biological functions which can affect behaviors, such as testosterone versus estrogen production, much of what is considered boy behaviors or girl behaviors is the result of what is expected of them based on the cultural setting, even pres sures that the individual may not even be aware of. Blums article, though she poses and interesting point, is ineffective because of her failure to acknowledge sociological impact in a comparative or qualitative way. Deborah Blum comes to the conclusion that there is something biological that influences behavior, a belief she comes to after witnessing her sons love of violent carnivorous dinosaurs (Blum 1). Sex differences can be influenced through interactions,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Gender Inequality On India1604 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Gender Inequality in India Gender inequality in India has taken a toll on various aspects of everyday life. Unequal treatment of the sexes in India has determined one’s standing on the social hierarchy. It has also caused a sole gender to dominate the majority of power in government. It also has caused a single gender’s opinions to be unheard and completely disregarded. Unfortunately, India’s unequal treatment among genders has caused women to be more susceptible to diseases. Gender inequalityRead MoreGender Inequality Between India And India1225 Words   |  5 PagesGender inequality in India is referred to as fitness, education, political possibilities inequality bet. Diverse worldwide gender inequality indices rank India in a different way on each of these factors, as well as on a complicated basis, and those courses are arguable. Gender inequalities, and its social causes, impact India s intercourse ratio, girls s health over their lifetimes, their academic attainment, and monetary situations. Gender inequality in India is a complex difficulty that issuesRead MoreEssay On Gender Inequality1049 Words   |  5 PagesGender inequality as a social institution in Asia country (India) This essay provides an overview gender as a social institution in Asia countries, also, this essay mainly focuses on education and mainly focuses on the country of India. Moreover, this essay deeply investigates how gender inequality in Asia countries, especially in India affects in the long run (Klasen, 2002, p.745). There are numerous justifications to be worried about the existence of gender inequalities mainly in the well-being-relatedRead MoreGender And Gender Inequality1084 Words   |  5 Pagesnot changeable. Gender is seen closely related to the roles and behavior assigned to women and men based on their sexual differences. As soon as a child is born families and society begin the process of gendering. The birth of the son is celebrated, the birth of a daughter filled with pain; sons are showered with love, respect, better food and proper health care. Boys are encouraged to be tough and outgoing; girls are encouraged to be homebound and shy. All these differences are gender differences andRead MoreDiscrimination of Girls1678 Words   |  7 PagesDiscrimination against female children has been a topic of debate. It has been a subject of concern and sociological significance. This subject raises the cultural aspects about the role of a female child in society, what her human rights are as a human being and a number of sensitive issues.This issue is important because there is nearly universal consensus on the need for gender equality.[1] Gender based discrimination against female children is pervasive across the world. It is seen in all theRead MoreSociology and Social Norms Essay examples1246 Words   |  5 PagesThe first decade of this millennium witnessed a dramatic awakening concerning the role of gender which had its marked impact on gender roles. As Wharton states, â€Å"the study of gender emerged as one of the most import ant trends in the discipline of sociology in the twentieth century† (1). This emergence prompted many theories regarding gender issues, which in turn, â€Å"propelled the sociological study of gender from the margins to become one of the central features of the discipline† (Wharton 2). ThoughRead MoreReligion Is A Major Source Of Gender And Sexual Inequality1614 Words   |  7 PagesReligion is a major source of gender and sexual inequality. Religion is important in society as it contributes significantly to social solidarity. However religion can also be regarded as a source of alienation in which people lose the connection with themselves and their fellow humans. Marx believed that religion can also be seen as a contributor to oppression because not only does it encourage meekness and passivity and deflected people from resisting suffering in this world (Van Krieken et alRead MoreWomen And Women s Rights1176 Words   |  5 Pages Inequality It’s incredible how every country in this world has different customs and beliefs towards gender roles. In the United States, women began to fight for their freedom through the Women’s Right Movement in the 19th century. Through many obstacles and suffering, they accomplished voting rights, equal pay, reproductive rights, the right to run for political office, and much more. Sadly, not everyone believes that women should have equal rights as men. In the rural areas of India, due to theRead MoreMen Have More Than Women?909 Words   |  4 Pagesbeliefs and practices based on gender that treat women unfairly are often deeply entrenched in our societies. Like it or not it seems that gender inequality still plays a role in our societies all over the world. These gender inequalities in society demonstrate how we value men in contrast to how we value women. In other words, men are better treated than women. From a women s point of view , I want to address these gender inequ alities issues such as gender inequality in the workplace, cultural favouritismRead MoreThe Continuation of Gender Inequality822 Words   |  3 PagesGender inequality means differences in the status, power and prestige women and men have in groups, collectivities and societies. Gender inequality is caused when women have less power than men. While culturally and historically-bound, gender commonly is a function of power relations and the social organizations of inequality. Another point about gender is that class and ethnicity, gender inequality is not one homogeneous phenomenon, but a collection of disparate and interlinked problems. Inequality

Worlds by Porter Robinson free essay sample

After the meteoric rise of electronic music dominated by oppressive bass and generic vocals, a break from the norm couldn’t be more refreshing. Sadly, as the commercialization of electronic dance music, or EDM, began, the pounding beats supposed to keep you awake gradually devolved into humdrum sounds from any schmuck with a desire for fame. Lazily scrolling Facebook one night, I saw a rare update from the artist Porter Robinson on my newsfeed. Robinson rode the EDM scene to initial success and a permanent spot in my iTunes playlist with his 2011 EP â€Å"Spitfire.† In August 2014, he finally released his second album, â€Å"Worlds,† after growing disillusioned with the stagnant EDM scene. Under the label Astralwerks, â€Å"Worlds† includes singles that sparked my interest such as â€Å"Sad Machine† and â€Å"Lionhearted.† I decided to consult my top musical authority, my sister. She called me â€Å"unhip† for not knowing sooner, then wholeheartedly vouched for the album, which I purchased. We will write a custom essay sample on Worlds by Porter Robinson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Could Robinson find uniqueness in the stale 4/4 electronic beat and pull it off well after his long hiatus? Would his music sound natural or more forced than the lyrics of â€Å"Summer† by Calvin Harris? Despite my pessimism, I had hope. Porter Robinson definitely talks big, but what spoke to me louder were the synthesized Japanese vocaloids in his American EDM album. I wasn’t put off by the Japanese anime sounds in the last track, â€Å"Goodbye to a World†; the xylophones that replace generic beats drew me in. The bass supports instead of overwhelms the melody – and it all sounds natural and seamless, two traits that current EDM desperately needs. The unforced, natural feel of â€Å"Worlds† is built upon harmony, rather than cacophony. Distinct rhythms and melodies drift throughout the tracks without being oppressed by the bass, and the well-crafted, abstract lyrics warrant various interpretations. My sole criticism lies in how far Robinson pushed the envelope with the use of Japanese vocaloids and video game sounds. It feels like they were put there simply to distinguish his album from others, but superb lyrics and musical quality already set â€Å"Worlds† apart. If you are tired of EDM, listen to â€Å"Worlds.† If you want to get into EDM, listen to â€Å"Worlds.† Heck, even if you listen to classical music, listen to â€Å"Worlds.† Despite the EDM label, it’s an album everyone can enjoy. It has already topped Billboard’s US Dance/Electronic Albums. The only things truly necessary to enjoy the album are an open mind and open ears. If you’re still skeptical, you can check out this reclusive artist’s Facebook page. Despite my frugality and initial pessimism, I can attest that buying â€Å"Worlds† was money well spent.

The Indian in the Cupboard free essay sample

Readers Response #1 After reading the first 68 pages of The Indian in the cupboard by Lynne Reid Banks, I believe that the book is a wonderful read so far. Lynne keeps us on the edge of our seats by building up the suspense by using making us wonder what will happen next. For example, when Omri receives a small cupboard as a birthday gift and a small plastic Indian figurine from his friend Patrick, however this many not seem exciting, but when he wishes to lock his small plastic fgurines in the cupboard, however cannot find a key, until his mother tells him to search through her key ollection. He saves the weirdest looking key for last, and somehow, it works. I really was engaged at this point, wondering what would happen next, since the book cover was a horse bucking, a small Indian figure with a small knife, and in the background a massive eye, indicating that the small Indian fgure was alive as well as the horse, and the eye most likely being Omris. We will write a custom essay sample on The Indian in the Cupboard or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If I was Omri I think that I wouldnt be like a slave to the little Indian figure (Little Bull), I think I would more give Little Bull the things he needed rather than make them like Omri does, since whatever Little Bull wants, Omri gets it, or does it, but obviously he needs food and such, but constantly asking for things like a tepee and a longhouse. In my mind I can sort of see a small proud, brave muscled little Indian figure and even though he is in the presence of a giant (Omri), he does not fear him, and I personally think that Little Bull likes Omri, Just a little so far. When Little Bull gets a horse, (which Omri gave to him by putting an Arabian house into his little magical cupboard) Little Bull finally gets to go outside. Imagine being round 7cm wandering around outside, with small ants, spiders, and such animals now being giant, and small cracks in the ground becoming large fissures, and yet Little Bull and his horse were not afraid, it was like they were the same person, both brave, courageous and valiant. Personally, this far I really admire Little Bull. When Little Bull orders Omri to magic him up a bow and arrow, Omri goes and buys another Indian plastic fgurine; however this time it is an Indian chief. He places the Indian chief into his cupboard, and locks the door, and within seconds, a real life Indian chief is smack bang where the plastic figure was, being the proud, courageous people they are, the Indian chief showed no fear, however rather bottled it up, and Omri could see his hands trembling. Suddenly the chief fainted; Omri then placed Little Bull on his hand, Little Bull checked out the chief, and concluded that he was dead. Little Bull took the chiefs headdress, since Little Bull was the only Indian left (in the room) it was only right that he took it, which I think is a little odd Omri would let him do that, because clearly Omri was the bigger, person and technically was playing god. I was really expecting that the chiet and i L ttle Bull would be triends or even enemies, and be constantly fghting until Omri finally throws one of them back into the cupboard and turn the key, thus becoming plastic once again, or even both of them. If Omri is the curious type, I believe that he will try to create life again and this time, Little Bull might get along with the other being, or could have a fght. I also think that Patrick is getting really curious as to what is going on, since Omri has also gotten a skateboard for his birthday, so I think that he will maybe follow Omri home to find out hat is actually going on. The Indian in the cupboard By Lynne Reid Banks Readers Response #2 I continued to read The Indian in the cupboard another 68 pages, and you wouldnt believe how much has happened, and I can honestly say, I have havent read a book this engaging since around 5 years ago. Where to start? Well I guess that I should start where I left off. As I guessed, another plastic figure would come to life, however it was not the doing of Omri, it was in fact his best friend Patrick. Omri finally let Patrick come over, and showed him Little Bull; Patrick was flabbergasted Just as nybody would have been if they saw a small Indian with a horse running around in somebodys bedroom. Omri told Patrick about his magical little cupboard and the magical little key, Patrick instantly grabbed a bunch of little soldiers, commandos and other figurines, and wished to put them all into the cupboard. However Omri, the more mature one explained to Patrick, that if brought to life, they were real, actual people, not Just mere toys anymore. I think it reminds me a little of me and my friend, me being Patrick the childish, doesnt think things through kind of person, and hen there is him, (him being like Omri) the well thought, mature and thoughtful kind of person. IVe read this far and I really do not wish to stop and write this response it is that addictive. Recapping so far, Patrick is really determined, and selfish. As Omri goes down to the kitchen to get Little Bull some food, he unfortunately left Patrick alone. In his room. With the cupboard and key and thousands of little plastic figures. Which can only mean one thing. Disaster. During Omris little trip to the kitchen, he realises what he has done halfway through, which is left Patrick alone, which I think is really illy of him, because I thought about it straight away after he left to get the food.. He rushed up stairs only to find that Patrick has already created life. A small cowboy, equipped with a gun, and horse. The two then must deal with the problems between Boone (the cowboy) and Little Bull, and things get even more difficult when Patrick, being as stubborn as he is tells Omri to give Boone to him which he thinks it is by right, and I personally think that Patrick is really an idiot for being so stupid, I mean, why pick a cowboy when Omri has an Indian? Omri finally insists that he will bring Boone to school tomorrow, since he couldnt trust Patrick with him. Up to this point, the story is pretty much amazing. However it gets even better when Omri takes the pair to school, because Little Bull was eager to go as well, and there is much more to talk about but I wish to keep reading this book. Im that excited about it. The way Lynne writes the book makes it so very suspenseful and addictive by using long sentences for the climax, which is what Im basically up to, and I really like how Lynne oesnt repeat herself like some other books I have read. Readers Response #3 I have Just finished reading the book. And I must say, Im very impressed with the ending, but in a way its really sad. Part of me feels like it was like Omri wasted his time with Little Bull, caring for him, worrying, like a mother would about her child. All for that Just to have him leave back to his own time. But the other part of me feels like that it was a very valuable lesson to have, to look after another, especially when they are a lot smaller and can be in a lot more danger than say, a child would be. In conclusion, I really enjoyed the book, it was a great read. Time to recap. The book was written in third person, and was suitable because it was very simple to follow, however, effective all the same. This book didnt take as long as The life of Pi to get started, which really got my attention, and really got my attention, making me wanting to continue to read, and to me, it was planned out perfectly. I would defiantly recommend this book for Just about anybody who desires a really engaging read. The mood throughout the whole book is pretty relaxed and laid back.

What Is the Distributive Property

What Is the Distributive Property SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips What is the distributive property? Did you go over the distributive property definition in school but still aren’t sure what it is or why it’s important? The distributive property is a key mathematical property you’ll need to know to solve many algebra problems. In this guide, we explain exactly what the distributive property is, why it’s important, when you should use it, what other math rules you need to know for it, and we also work through several examples so you can see the distributive property in action. What Is the Distributive Property? The distributive property, sometimes known as the distributive property of multiplication, tells us how to solve certain algebraic expressions that include both multiplication and addition. The literal definition of the distributive property is that multiplying a number by a sum is the same as doing each multiplication separately. In equation form, the distributive property looks like this: $a(b+c) = ab + ac$ (Remember, in math, when two numbers/factors are right next to each other, that means to multiply them.) Like many math definitions, the distributive property is easier to understand when you look at a few examples. Here’s a simple one: $$5 (2 +7)$$ Normally, if you had a problem like this, you’d add 2 and 7 together to get 9, then you’d multiply 5times 9 to get 45. This is the simplest way to solve the equation, and it also follows the order of operations, which tells you to simplify whatever is in the parentheses first before moving onto other operations like multiplication. Solving that equation using the distributive property would look like this: $$5 (2+7)$$ The distributive property means doing multiplication before the addition within the parentheses, so we’d distribute the 5 to both values within the parentheses: $$5(2) + 5(7)$$ Work out the multiplication: $$10 + 35$$ Then add the two numbers together: $$10+35=45$$ We get the same answer as we did solving the problem with the first method, which shows that the distributive property works. Now, why would you want to use the distributive property when it took longer than the first method? The distributive property comes in handy when you have terms within the parentheses that can’t be added together, such as this equation: ${3/4}(a + 2b)$. Because there are variables involved, there’s no easy way to simplify $a + 2b$. In these more complicated equations, the distributive property can help us get the equation into a form that makes it easier to simplify or solve. We’ll see examples of how to do this later on in this guide. 3 Key Rules Related to the Distributive Property When you’re using the distributive property, you’ll often have to use or be aware of other mathematical rules and properties in order to solve or simplify the equations. Here are three of the most important ones to know. Commutative Laws The commutative laws state that you can swap numbers when adding or multiplying and still get the same answer. So $x + y = y + x$ and $x(y) = y(x)$ These are likely intuitive for you by now, but they’re an important part of the distributive property, which wouldn’t work without them. You can use them when you need help simplifying certain equations in order to get them into a more workable form. Order of Operations When you have a complicated equation that looks like it can be simplified in multiple ways, the order of operations gives you the correct way to work through those operations. The acronym PEMDAS makes it easy to remember which operations to work on first. From first to last, here’s the order you should work out operations: Parentheses Exponents Multiplication and Division (do these at the same time, working left to right) Addition and Subtraction (do these at the same time, working left to right) The order of operations is important to know because you’ll often have to remember it when simplifying equations that include a lot of different operations. It can also help you determine whether to use the distributive property or not. Order of operations states the first step you should take when simplifying an equation is to work out whatever is in a parentheses set, but if what’s in the parentheses can’t be simplified, that’s a sign to use the distributive property. Quadratic Formula The quadratic formula states that, for $ax^2+ bx + c = 0$, the values of $x$ which are the solutions to the equation are given by: $$x={-b ±Ã¢Ë†Å¡{b^2-4ac}}/{2a}$$ When using the distributive property, you may be able to simplify some equations into the $ax^2 + bx + c = 0$ form so that you can use the quadratic equation to solve for $\bi x$. Distributive Property of Multiplication Example Problems In this section we go over three examples of simplifying problems using the distributive property. You’ll notice each of them contain variables in the parentheses, which is a key sign that the distributive property is needed. Example 1 $$\bo4\bi x(\bo5\bi x + \bo6) = -\bo7$$ First, we’re going to distribute $4x$ to both $5x$ and 6. $$4x(5x) + 4x(6) = -7$$ Now, multiply those out: $$20x^2+ 24x = 7$$ Add 7 to both sides: $$20x^2+ 24x +7 = 0$$ This equation is now in the proper formula to solve for $x$ using the quadratic formula (x would equal $-0.7$ and $-0.5$), or you might be able to keep the equation in that form if you were just being asked to simplify it. Example 2 $$\bo3\bi x(\bi x-\bo4) + \bo5(\bo4\bi x + \bo6)$$ For this equation, there are two sets of parentheses, so we need to use the distributive property twice. Distribute the 3x to its set of parentheses and the 5x to its set of parentheses: $$3x(x) + 3x(-4) + 5(4x) + 5(6)$$ Multiply it out: $$3x^2- 12x + 20x^2+ 30$$ Add the two $x^2$ terms together to simplify $$23x^2- 12x + 30$$ Example 3 $$-\bo7(\bi x + \bo4) + \bo8(\bo2 - \bo4\bi x)$$ This example is a bit trickier because the 7 has a negative sign in front of it. When the value just outside the parentheses is negative, the negative sign must be distributed to each term within the parentheses. Distribute the -7 to its set of parentheses and the 8 to its set of parentheses: $$(-7)(x) + (-7)(4) + (8)(2) + (8)(-4x)$$ Multiply those out: $$-7x -28 + 16 - 32x$$ Now simplify: $$-39x - 12$$ Summary: What Is the Distributive Property Definition? What is distributive property? The distributive property of multiplication states that $a(b+c) = ab + ac$. It’s often used for equations when the terms within the parentheses can’t be simplified because they contain one or more variables.Using the distributive property, you can simplify or solve equations that would otherwise be difficult to work with. When using the distributive property, remember to distribute negative signs if they’re in front of the parentheses, and keep in mind other important math rules, such as the quadratic formula, order of operations, and commutative properties. What's Next? Are you learning about logarithms and natural logs in math class? We have a guide on all the natural log rules you need to know. What is dynamic equilibrium and what does it have to do with rusty cars? Find out by reading ourcomplete guide to dynamic equilibrium. Rational numbers are another important math concept you should understand.Read our guide on rational numbers for everything you need to know about them!

Definition and Examples of Conditional Sentences

Definition and Examples of Conditional Sentences In English grammar, a conditional sentence is a type of sentence that expresses one situation (the condition,  antecedent, or protasis in a dependent clause) as a condition for the occurrence of another situation (the result, consequent, or apodosis in the main clause). Put simply, the basic structure underlying most conditional sentences can be expressed as, If this, then that. Also called a conditional construction  or a conditional. In the field of logic, a conditional sentence is sometimes referred to as an implication. A conditional sentence contains a conditional clause, which is a type of adverbial clause  usually (but not always) introduced by the subordinating conjunction if, as in, If I pass this course, I will graduate on time. The main clause in a conditional sentence often includes the modal  will, would, can, or could. A subjunctive conditional is a conditional sentence in the subjunctive mood, such as, If he were to show up here right now, Id tell him the truth. Examples and Observations In each of the following examples, the italicized word group is a conditional clause. The sentence as a whole is a conditional sentence. If I ruled the world,Every man would be as free as a bird,Every voice would be a voice to be heard,Take my word, we would treasure each day that occurred.(Leslie Bricusse  and  Cyril Ornadel, If I Ruled the World. Pickwick, 1963)If I ruled the world, was king on the throne,Id make peace in every culture, build the homeless a home.(Nasir Jones et al., If I Ruled the World (Imagine That), 1995)Now, if I had  been that young woman, I would have planted my feet, looked those men straight in the eye, and dared them to try to put me on board a ship when I didnt want to go, but times were different then.(Jennifer Chiaverini,  The Quilters Apprentice, 1999)Even  if she were to  confide in them all her suspicions, even  if she were to  tell them about the pills, even  if she were to  lead them to her locker at the Greyhound Bus Terminal and actually present them with her bloodied dress and the stacks of hundred-dollar bills, she would be regarded with skepticism and outrig ht disbelief.(Joy Fielding, See Jane Run. William Morrow, 1991) All this can be a dreadfully boring business, unless you think you have a future.(Bernard Malamud, The German Refugee, 1964)Conditional Clauses That Are Not Introduced by a Conjunction- It is possible to construct conditional clauses that do not begin with if or unless. The commonest way of doing this is to begin the clause with one of these words: were, should, had. For example: Were I to own a new BMW car, another ten microcomputers would be at my command, so their advertisements claim.Should you succeed in becoming a planner, you would be helping to create these parameters.Had I ignored my fitness, I could never have played international cricket for twenty years. (John Seely, Oxford A-Z of Grammar and Punctuation, rev. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2013)-  Were I to take a turn into the country,  the trees would present a leafless, wintry appearance.(Thomas Paine, winter 1792)- Let Domingo be my heir  should I fail to return, I said to the House that surrounded me.(Jane L indskold, Child of a Rainless Year. Tor Books, 2005)- Yet this strangest of all things that ever came to earth from outer space must have fallen while I was sitting there, visible to me  had I only  looked up as it passed.(H.G. Wells,  The War of the Worlds, 1897) Using the Past Perfect in ConditionalsIf the situations are set in the past, the past perfect is used in the conditional clause and a past perfect modal, usually would have, in the main clause. - If we had been there yesterday, we would have seen them. (But we were not there yesterday.)- If he had been given a good mark, he would have told me. (But it seems that he was not given a good mark.) If the auxiliary in the conditional clause is were, had, or should, we can omit if and front the auxiliary: - Were she here now, there would be no problem.- Had we stayed at home, we would have met them.- Should you see him, give him my best wishes. (Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson, An Introduction to English Grammar, 2nd ed. Pearson, 2002)Direct and Indirect ConditionsConditional clauses generally express a direct condition, indicating that the truth of the host clause (or apodosis) is dependent on the fulfillment of the condition in the conditional clause (or protasis). However, some condit ional clauses may express an indirect condition that is related to the speech act: [18]   And if I remember rightly you had jaundice didnt you (if I remember rightly it would be true to say)[19]   I mean if I told you honestly things can be really interesting [...][20]   [. . .] I did need to have a need to say , that I was doing something because uhm , otherwise I wouldnt be anybody if you see what I mean Direct conditions may be either open (or real) or hypothetical (or closed or unreal). Open conditions leave completely open whether the condition will be fulfilled: [21] Youre going to have huge trouble , if youve infected me. In [21] the speaker does not give any indication whether he or she believes that the conditionthe infection by the person addressedhas been fulfilled.(Sidney Greenbaum, Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1996) Material Conditionals in LogicA material conditional expresses  another type of connection, neither causal nor logical yet similar to other types of conditionals in that it cannot be true if it has a false consequent and a true antecedent. An example of a material conditional is If humans live on Jupiter, then my great-grandmother was an astronaut. Although no natural link connects the antecedent and  consequent in this conditional, its meaning is clear. The point of this sentence, and others like it in English, is to emphasize that the antecedent is false. It is a way of expressing No way is there human life on Jupiter.Although material conditionals are often just  humorous ways of stating that something is false, we can draw from them a logically useful principle about interpreting sentential connectives. In a material conditional, the if... then... that connects the component sentences is a  truth-functional connective. This means that the truth of the conditional sentence is determined completely by (is a  function of) the truth of its component sentences. The only circumstance under which a material is false is when it has a true antecedent and a false consequent. That is why the compound sentence If theres human life on Jupiter then my great-grandmother was an astronaut can be used to state the falsity of there is human life on Jupiter. The consequent of the conditional (my great-grandmother was an astronaut) is obviously false. Yet the sentence as a whole is understood as true. But if the antecedent were true, then the conditional would be false, for it would have a true antecedent and a false consequent. Thus, a material conditional  of the form If (antecedent), then (consequent) is true unless the antecedent is true and the consequent is false. (Merrilee H. Salmon,  Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking, 6th ed. Wadsworth, Cengage, 2013)

Global enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global enterprise - Essay Example The best way out was supposed to be the buying of the Asian car manufacturer, among which Mitsubishi and Nissan were considered. But as financial indices of Nissan didn't make Daimler company optimistic about it, the decision of buying 34% of Mitsubishi Company has been taken. The problems and risks of Daimler Chrysler after having bought 34% stake of Mitsubishi laid in the necessity to lock together the separate pieces of this consortium. There should have been solved the problem of cost savings and technology cross pollination between Chrysler and Mitsubishi. The benefits of the joint venture for both companies lied in sharing engines, transmissions, and other major components, which will finally reduce the costs of both participants, as well as will lead to the sharing of entire platforms which are the most expensive parts in car manufacturing. The main risks for Daimler were first of all, cultural difficulties in making the two companies work together. As one of the Daimler's managers has noted, 'when it is an Asian company and a European-American company, it is even tougher'. Another risks lied in the fact, that any investments (and buying Mitsubishi was the direct investing of Daimler) carry certain risks. Mitsubishi was the only car manufacturer in Japan, working with financial losses and getting no benefits. Thus for Mitsubishi it was a huge chance to restore its position on the market and enter other foreign markets. At the same time, Daimler Chrysler, with Mercedes-Benz being the best-selling foreign car in Japan, took only 0.8% share of Japanese market and needed to find an effective solution for expanding its activity to West Asia. In addition, in six months after the historical merge had been accomplished, Mitsubishi admitted, that it illegally concealed the customer's complaints in relation to vehicle defects on systematic basis. 3.Explain how the acquisition of 34 % and then 37 % stake of Mitsubishi cou1d help DaimlerChrysler to meet the fuel pact The purchase of 34% (and later 37%) of Mitsubishi stake by Daimler Chrysler led to the possibility for Daimler to meet the fuel pact. According to the Kyoto protocol of 1997, the main car manufacturing companies had to turn to the fuel cell production, and all Japanese companies have already had their own prototypes of ecological engines, among which Mitsubishi held strong position. Thus Daimler was able to turn to the ecologically-effective production with minimum costs. 4.Analyse, in the context of DaimlerChrysler global strategy, the following options for DaimlerChrysler regarding the objectives followed with Mitsubishi with their advantages and disadvantages: 4.1 export from the US and Germany; 4.2 licensing; 4.3 joint-venture; 4.4 wholly-owned subsidiary. From the viewpoint of the global strategies of both companies, it should be said that of course, it was becoming easier for Mitsubishi to export car details from the US and Europe, but at the same time, this was another possibility for Daimler to strengthen its positions in selling car platforms in Asia. The

A Legendary Experience in the Robin Hood Festival Article

A Legendary Experience in the Robin Hood Festival - Article Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that every year during mid-august, hundreds of tourists flock to visit the Robin Hood county of Nottinghamshire to experience the celebration of the world-famous Robin Hood Festival. At this time of the year, people from different parts of the country witness the transformation of a quiet English town into a lively reverie of performances depicting the life of the legendary hero. The Robin Hood Festival is where the adventures of the famous English hero come into life. Some of the highlights of the festival include musical theatre and jousting performances that re-enacts the adventures of the famous outlaw. Aside from that, falconry and crafts display draw many tourists in awe. The best thing about the entire event is that you can witness it for free. Yes, you heard me right; visitors to the annual Robin Hood Festival witness the adventures of the medieval hero come to life by simply taking a short trip to the English city of Nottingham. Whet her you are living in London, Liverpool, or Birmingham, it is worth taking a stopover to the place where the legend is born. It is so easy to spot the Robin Hood County of Nottinghamshire because bows and arrows are used to guide the travelers in the area. Of course, another alternative route you cannot miss is the â€Å"Robin Hood Line†, a railroad in between Nottingham and Worksop. You can definitely enjoy the scenes of countryside on either trip. The 460 acres nature reserve known as the Sherwood Forest is where most of the actions happen. Every year, some 400,000 tourists visit the country’s famous forest in order to witness the exhibition in the County Park. Anywhere you look, there will always be medieval features in the surroundings – actors play as musicians, alchemists, magicians, and entertainers in the Middle Ages. Because everyone is dressed in medieval attire, you will indeed capture the typical English medieval atmosphere. While the band plays, liv e jousting and fighting scenes make the crowd lively. These activities make the entire festival more enjoyable and lively.

The Supply Chain in A Brick and Mortar Environment Essay Example for Free

The Supply Chain in A Brick and Mortar Environment Essay The trading of company stock to the public has been going on for many, many years. Over the years the supply chain for buying and selling equity stock has changed with innovations in technology. Today, the old brick and mortar environment of equity trading is being replaced by virtual trading through websites like Ameritrade, E-Trade, and Trade Station. Brick and MortarWhen a privately held company needs money to expand their business, quite often they choose to sell part of the company through a public stock offering. To facilitate this process an investment banker is most often involved helping value the company and determine the price of each share of stock. Once the value of each share of stock is determined and the amount of funds needed by the company are complete, the investment banker forms a syndicate of broker/dealers who take on the responsibility of either purchasing all the shares of stock the company has to offer or to help sell in an initial public offering. The investment banker and syndicate members receive a concession for each share of stock sold. For example, if one share of stock is being offered at a price of one dollar, the investment banker and syndicate may split a 20 cent concession for their efforts. The process in which the stock is offered to investors prior to the development of the Internet was generally through brokers calling investors via the telephone. Another common way was the actual store front or office of a broker/dealer where individual investors could actually walk into an office and purchase new stock offerings directly. These offices were branch offices of a much larger firm like Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, and Charles Schwab who might have been members of the offering syndicate. Brick and MortarSupply ChainIn the apparel industry there are several specific methods of the supply chain as it relates to the classic brick and mortar environment and one method really does not have a benefit over the other. The first method of discussion for the classic supply chain is the direct supply method where a company will make direct contact with its material suppliers to place orders; the supplier will then make arrangements to ship the material to the specified destination. This method generally takes a great deal of coordination on the purchasers parts because they may many different parts for many different department so generally it would  require a very expensive staff to ensure that the ordering is performed properly. The second method would be for a company to utilize an outside source to perform their purchasing and materials for manufacturing. This is a very effective method which allows a company to basically wash its hands of the entire supply chain process and holding the specialized company accountable for properly handling the purchase and ensuring accuracy. The down side is that it is very expensive to employ and outside company, this method can also not be feasible for many small brick and mortar companies. Web Site Supply ChainThe supply chain in a web site environment for an apparel company is much simpler then a tradition supply chain in many cases. The supply chain for these companies includes the purchasing of materials or finished products from other sources and creating a finished product sold under the familiar names of these companies. The use of the internet allows the goods to be purchased more efficiently then they were before. It also allows for a considerable financial savings in many cases. This is due to simplifying the whole process of procurement for the companies. They can now deal with these suppliers electronically from places all over the world. Wherever they can find the best deals for what it is they need. Orders are processed much faster this way and products can then be shipped out sooner then they would be traditionally. This allows the companies to move the products much quicker then they would ever have been able to using traditional methods. The result is larger profits for them and for the suppliers. Much of that is due to the better turn around. With the process being shortened, what is in demand can be procured in less time and sold to the customers that demand it. Supply Chain ModificationFor most brick and mortar type businesses they rely on customers actually coming into their stores to buy the goods they are looking for. However, with the advent of e-business and it success, it is harder to get people to come to these stores so they are now either going out of business or starting their own online services or e-Businesses. This  has caused many to move out of traditional spaces and into warehouses where they can store mass quantities of products and have fewer people on the payroll thus cutting costs. This also serves as a means to get more people interested in these companies as more and more people are finding it difficult or to time consuming to stand in lines for what can be hours just to buy a few things in a store with only a few registers running, this is also done to cut costs but in the long run it only serves to hurt business as people eventually get tired of the same old treatment and will go somewhere they will get fast friendly service. In many cases these customers will go to the internet versions of these same stores and get the same items delivered to their homes rather than go to these stores. For the companies previously mentioned they were for the most part off-sets from actual brick and mortar type businesses, the only exception is pyramid collection as they started as an e-business and have done quite well given their relatively small size and classification. As more and more traditional businesses are seeing market shares slip away to e-businesses, and their efforts to hold onto customers are not terribly successful. Many of these brick-and-mortars compete only with prices without regard to the level of service that consumers want. They undercut not only their online rivals, but also themselves, and their services are not financially sustainable. The best way to compete would be to take an honest look at the user experience, which is something most brick-and-mortars never do. E-businesses and traditional businesses alike could look to market leaders for solutions to their customer service shortcomings. A brick and mortar business has been the tradition for many years. As technology has become more advanced, e-business has had the opportunity to emerge into the market. It helps to save consumers time if not money all the time. By choosing to shop online, shipping charges are attached to all purchases, which brick and mortar companies do not have. The trade off has been shipping charges for a hassle free shopping experience. With e-business, a consumer can miss traffic, long lines at check outs and congestion of other shoppers. Brick and mortar companies will not go away as  they are still a needed part of the consumer market. These companies need to focus on how to get the customers back into their businesses and offline. The choice between e-business and brick and mortar businesses are determined by what consumers consider the advantage of their shopping experience. All business revolves around the consumer.

computer time structure :: essays research papers

What is the time structure of a computer and, more specifically on-line interactive communities? How does this structure dictate our conformity to the medium and on-line environment and what we gain and/or lose in doing so?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When we think of modern day technology, such as computers or 2-way pagers, we know that it is all an effort to save â€Å"time†. No longer do we have to go to the library for a small amount of information, now we can just log on the internet. No longer do we have to â€Å"waste time† going to store to buy products, we can just log on the internet and buy it there. No longer do we have to pick up the telephone to call a numerous amount of people to convey a message, we just e-mail everyone. So you see, the computer is suggested to be a time saver, a device that allows you to execute tasks more efficiently and more quickly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The time structure of a computer is described as this: â€Å"the central processor of the computer contains within it an electronic clock, whose extremely rapid pulses determine when one operation has ended and another is to begin† (J.D. Bolter). This is measured by megahertz or the newest form of speed is called gigahertz. Therefore more tasks can be executed in less time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The computer clock is somewhat similar to a digital clock based on the fact that it can be used to measure duration, determine the present point in time, and can even act as an alarm clock. The purpose of a clock is to tell time on the outside; however, computer time is internal. The computer has its on time structure when it comes to completing tasks. For example, you might not be able to continue typing a document and save it simultaneously. On the outside, we are looking at the time we have to wait to continue our tasks but in the â€Å"computer’s microworld† this may be normal time passage. As far as the computer is concerned no extra time has been spent to complete the task. We have too many expectations of the time frame of a computer. How many times have we bombarded the computer with so much information that is freezes up or crashes? That is because we want everything to occur at that instant. Which in turn results in a high level of anxiety and anger.

Religious Worldviews

Part One: Hindu Worldview (Pantheistic) 1. The Question of Origin – In a Hindu Worldview the question of origin would be pantheistic in nature. A Hindu would believe that they have always been in existence and everything is a part of god. God is seen as an impersonal force of nature and this force is in everything and surrounds everything. One can only escape this force through the process of reincarnation and to become one with everything. 2. The Question of Identity – In a Hindu Worldview life is seen as a sacred part of nature. Man’s soul is seen as eternal until he eventually reaches a state of Nirvana. At that time they will become one with Brahman. The goal is to do enough good deeds so that when you die you will return in a higher life form until you reach Nirvana. 3. The Question of Meaning/Purpose – In a Hindu Worldview life is to be viewed as an illusion as though one was living in a dream and life around them does not really exist. The goal is to understand this so that you may end the cycle of reincarnation and ascend to a state of Nirvana. 4. The Question of Morality – In a Hindu Worldview god is in everything and everything is in god. This belief will govern how man treats everything and everyone around them. It is ultimately one’s own decision to determine what is right and what is wrong. 5. The Question of Destiny – In a Hindu Worldview one would believe that one’s karma determines how you will return in the next life. If a person has good Karma they will reach a higher level upon rebirth. If one has bad Karma they will return to a lower level, or as an animal upon rebirth. The goal is to reach Nirvana. Part Two: Christian Worldview (Theistic) . The Question of Origin – A Christian believes that God exists and that God always has been and always will be. With this presupposition a Christian believes that he was created by God and that everything that exists was created by God. Whereas a Hindu believes that everything has always existed and is a part of god. 2. The Question of Identity – A Christian believes that because he was created by a Sovereign God he is a special creation of God. God created humans only lower than angels and in His image. God placed the responsibility of caring for His creation in the hands of humans. Hindus believe they are a part of everything in nature and the goal is to become one with Brahman. 3. The Question of Meaning/Purpose – A Christian believes that their purpose is to know God. A Christian is to have a meaningful relationship with the one true God. A Hindu believes that their purpose is to end the cycle of reincarnation and reach a state of Nirvana. 4. The Question of Morality – A Christian believes that the guide for moral living is the Bible. Right and wrong are based upon God’s holy standard and not on man’s own perspective. A Hindu believes that they govern what is right and wrong. 5. The Question of Destiny – A Christian believes that by accepting or not accepting Jesus Christ as their savor determines where one will spend life after death. By accepting Jesus Christ as ones savior they will spend eternity in Heaven where they will be in the presence of God forever. If one denies Jesus Christ they will spend eternity in hell forever separated from God. A Hindu believes in reincarnation and Karma. Good or bad karma will determine in what form they will return upon rebirth. The goal is to reach Nirvana.

Obesity and the Media Essay

Although advertisers and the media have a huge impact on the issue of childhood obesity, the parents have the final call on what their children eat and don’t eat. It is the parents who give in to their children’s whining and give them what they want just to please them. Childhood obesity starts when the children are old enough to realize that they can get their way when they cry for something. It is the parents’ responsibility to lead by example and teach their children healthy eating habits at a young age. If the parents have unhealthy eating habits and include fast food and fried food in their diet on a regular basis, it is likely that their children will do the same. Kids will get accustomed to eating whatever is made available for them in their home. It is the parents’ job to provide healthy snack options so that their children can get used to healthy habits at early ages. When children are first attracted to the fast food ads at a very young age, it is often because they are attracted to the toys such as the ones offered in â€Å"happy meals.† Another reason why fast food is so popular is because it is a quick and easy meal when people are busy or don’t feel like cooking dinner. My solution to these issues would be to create a fast food chain that offered healthier options. That way, when people want to drive through and order something quick, they would be able to do so while still eating healthy. These restaurants would also offer children’s meals that include a toy, which would promote staying active, and eating healthy. The advertisement that I created is for a healthy fast food restaurant called Chick-A-Dees. This restaurant would offer all natural foods, rather than deep-fried options. The ad uses bright colors and cartoon characters to get children’s attention. It also promises a toy with every kid’s meal and advertises a jungle gym for kids to play on when they come to the restaurant. If restaurants opened that made healthy food seem exciting and fun to kids, they would definitely be more likely to want to try it or even like it. The advertising of toys that are included in kids’ meals at fast food restaurants is a main reason that young kids want to go to these places. However, there are many other toys for children that are advertised on television everyday, which encourage unhealthy eating habits. Among these are: the Easy Bake Oven, Popcorn Basketball, Smores Stick, Marshmallow Gun, Girls Gourmet Candy Jewel Factory Oven, 1000 Piece Candy Jigsaw, Counting Cookies, Mix and Match Doughnuts, and McDonalds Drive Through Food Cart. (The Toy Zone) All of these toys cause children to associate unhealthy eating with fun, which is a main contributing factor to the issue of childhood obesity. The KidsHealth article makes a great point about how parents need to act as role models and demonstrate to their kids proper serving size, how to enjoy treats in moderation, and exercising regularly. This is so true; bad habits start when the child is very young, and over time they become more difficult to squash. The article mentions some habits that parents should get their kids used to such as: have regular family meals, serve a variety of healthy foods and snacks, be a role model by eating healthy yourself, avoid battles over food, and involve kids in the process. Regular family meals have a huge impact on preventing unhealthy eating habits. If the family makes it their goal to sit down for dinner together even 4 days a week, it would make all the difference. As the article titled Childhood Obesity states, â€Å"children are getting more of their food away from home.† Making family meals a regular part of the routine would prevent the family from turning to the easy option of fast food, or eating out at restaurants where they serve countless courses and portions that are much to big for one sitting. The KidsHealth website also suggests that parents stock up on healthy foods. Having fattening or sugary snacks available for kids to snack on when they’re hungry will only add to the issue. There are plenty of healthy and organic snacks that are really tasty also, and if kids get used to eating them while they’re young, they will never know the difference. Making sure your child has breakfast is also an important factor to a healthy diet, as stated in Childhood Obesity. Breakfast is the most important meal of the day and necessary for a healthy metabolism. The article pretty much covers all the issues and solutions that I would like to obesity in children. If I were to add something to it I would say that it is so important that parents are involved in their child’s life. This gets even more important as they grow into teens, so it should start when they are children. Parents should know if the child is having problems in school, trouble making friends, being bullied, etc. All of these issues can contribute to the child turning to food for comfort. Another idea that the article didn’t mention is parents buying their children toys that encourage healthy activity rather than laziness or unhealthy eating. Instead of buying a videogame or and Easy Bake Oven for example, get them things to play their favorite sport with. If the child isn’t into sports, and would rather play video games, encourage active games like Wii Fit or Dance games. Getting involved in the activity is a great way to encourage it. I don’t think that the media has exaggerated the issue of childhood obesity in our society. It is a huge problem and we see it everyday, no matter where we are. The media needs to start promoting less of the unhealthy habits and show more advertisements for healthy eating and games and toys that involve activity. In order to prevent obesity and diseases that are linked to it, parents must encourage and demonstrate healthy eating habits as well as teaching their children to stay active. The prevention must start when the child is young, and remain steady and continuous as they grow. http://www.aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/child_obesity/ http://www.thetoyzone.com/2010/15-toys-that-will-make-your-children-fat/

Interpersonal Communication Essay Example

Interpersonal Communication Essay Example Interpersonal Communication Essay Interpersonal Communication Essay Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal communication is an important issue in the social aspect dealing with the different forms of association with other individuals. The said process may involve varying number of individuals but the most important component is the exchange of responses regardless of the nature such as positive and negative. When it comes to the said issue, it is important to consider different factors. The important factors that are needed to be considered in the study of interpersonal relationships include the ways and methods of expression, the types of interpersonal interaction and even the results. These are included in the issues that are essential in the discussion of interpersonal communication. Interpersonal relationship can vary from a professional relationship in the workplace and the academe to personal relationship such the family, friendship and the relationship between man and woman. In the movie, When Harry Met Sally, an important area of interpersonal communication was the main focus which is the interaction between the female and the male population. There are significant views presented by the movie regarding the interpersonal communication between a man and a woman. The main objective is to be able to present an analysis of the ideas and concepts that are presented in the film. I. The basic differences between Harry and Sally (and their friends, if applicable) regarding their nonverbal behavior, nurturance and empathy, friendship, conflict and power. The characters of the movie represent the varying behaviors of the human beings in terms of the interaction with one another. Interpersonal communication can be assessed through the verbal and the non-verbal stimuli and indications. In terms of the non-verbal behaviors of the characters in the film, certain groups of personalities are represented. Harry is the representation of the population who are either different due to their personal beliefs or wanted to be different, thus, they tend to adopt behaviors that are out of the conventional. Being anti-social at some degree, Harry believed that he is different which also make him opinionated about different issues. Oftentimes he perceived that his views on different situations are the standards that should be taken. He can also be described a rebel in his beliefs. Sally on the other hand, can be considered as the representation of the people with structures lifestyle and those that follow the conventional norms. Thus, she is relaxed in conveying what she wants in every details and aspects in her life. She can communicate verbally which can be considered to lessen the need for non-verbal communication. In terms of nurturance and empathy, both of the main characters have the capability to nurture and empathize although they had the difficulties to express these interactions, the years of friendship after the long years of not understanding each other can be considered an important notion in interpersonal communication. Two very different persons had achieved a level of relationship, both friendship and love, that make them understand each other. This relationship of nurturance and empathy can be considered to be essential and vital, since it was able to transcend the personal differences. The story also depicts the complicated interaction between a man and a woman that can be vaguely defined from friendship to the verge of love. This can be considered as the main issue of the story between Harry and Sally, the success or failure of friendship due to the inevitable attraction between man and woman. The main issue specifically being the incapability of the opposite sexes to be friends since the issue of sex lurks with capability to break the friendship or raise the level of relationship to a higher note of human interaction. When the differences of the sexes are defined, commonly there is a conflict in terms of power and other aspects. Varying beliefs in the strengths of the male and the female population can be perceived. These differences were presented through the unfolding of the plot of the movie. Although stereotypical knowledge commonly depicts the physical superiority of the male over the female population and emotional prowess and understanding can be attributed to the female population, there can never be a general rule. II. The different ways that men and women communicate There are varying ways and methods that men and women communicate. The movie deals with the fact that men and women can never be really friends. This can be considered on the basis that attraction can never be ignored, that it is inevitable. This is the main belief of the main character. In the end, some of the view that he considered true really happened. This is due to the fact that friendship can be considered as an intimate relationship. A view that friendship between a man and a woman can be comparable to an intimate relationship is due to the fact that there is commitment. For that matter interpersonal communication and relationship between the two sexes can inevitably lead to another level. Friendship can be considered as one of the most intimate relationship next to love. The possibility of being in a man-woman relationship between friends of the opposite sexes can inevitably be considered. This can be attributed to the fact that the film deals on the attraction in between a man and a woman who initially dislike each other but found attraction as they had learned to understand and empathize each other. [1] There are different ways that a man and a woman can communicate. Due to the fact that interpersonal communication can be classified on the basis of the interaction between same or opposite gender, varying through other factors such as age, culture and the environment wherein they had been raised, determining the classification is a challenge. But a man and a woman can be friends and even a couple. The ways of interpersonal relationship is complicated and complex that it cannot be defined in simple terms. The interaction of the main characters in the film depicts the different ways communication. During the first part, they are opposing each other. The antagonistic communication is one type interpersonal communication. In this type of interaction, the two sides have different ideas and find it hard to empathize with each other. Another type of interaction can be that wherein both parties find it unnecessary to communicate with each other due to lack of common ideas and similarities. Although such interactions are present, there are also other forms that can be considered as positive. These types of relationships and communications are of deeper commitment and interaction. This is where friendship and man-woman relationship can be classified. Another relation that can be considered in this group is that of the relationship for family members. The ways of communication can be considered positive. Verbal and non-verbal communications are also considered as the important ways of communication in the interpersonal level. These two types can be considered as essential to be able to establish relationship and interaction in the society. The verbal communication can be considered as a way of explicit interaction and expression to be able to convey the message to the other party. Men and women can be considered to have different strengths and methods of communication. Thus, its can be a challenge to determine the real message that is needed to be communicated. This can be considered as one of the hindrance in interpersonal communication. Another is the personal differences which can be considered as a challenge in communication and understanding. [2] Another way of communication between the male and the female is through the non verbal indications. According the cliche, actions speaks louder than voice the non-verbal communication can be more effective in expression of deep feelings. Men can be considered to be better in communication through the non-verbal ways, but this cannot be considered as a general rule. Although non-verbal communication is an important method to be able to achieve interpersonal communication and interaction, misunderstanding can be a common scenario. It is important then to consider that the integration of the verbal and the non-verbal ways of communication should be applied to be able to achieve the understanding that is the primary role of the interpersonal communication. III. What about role expectations, and how does this concept apply to the characters on a social and cultural level? On the basis of communication then, there are different expectations between the sexes with regards to the roles that they can undertake in the communication process. Based on the stereotypical standards of the society, the women can express their emotions better through the verbal communication. This can be considered due to the diplomacy and understanding exhibited by the mother in her interaction with the family and other members of the community. Due to the said perception, even in the roles taken by the female in the different aspects of the society, may it be political, religious, etc. the skill to communicate verbally and understand is one of the main focus in considering a woman for the role. On the other hand, due to the perception that the man is the strength of the society, as depicted in the role of the father to support the family, the male members of the population is considered to have the capability to better communicate through the non-verbal ways of communication. IV. What roles perception and stereotypes play in the communication between the characters? In the movie, the differences in the sexes and their perceptions were conveyed. Also some of the stereotypical behaviors of a male and a female were portrayed. The guy being a womanizer is also another stereotype in the story. On the other hand the woman is more family oriented which is the typical characteristic of the females. There are also important behaviors in the world with the differences between the male and the female that the film presented. One is regarding the state of relationships. The movie presented different scenarios wherein a long term and strong relationship can be achieved in different ways, most important of which is to be able to transcend the differences of the male and the female. Another important concept presented is the importance to being with a person for a long period of time to be able to gain a level of harmonious relationship. In the film, the interpersonal relationship of Harry and Sally developed from two people despising each other to being friends. Once they got to know each other better, they were able to understand and empathize. Friendship then was established, a comfortable and mutually beneficial one, for they can exclusively support each other. Due to the fact that they do everything together the friendship developed into a more intimate relationship. V. Do you think that men and women can stay friends without the `sex part` getting in the way? And why? There is a complex interaction of the different interpersonal communication factors that decide the relationship between individuals. In the case of friendship between male and female individuals, attraction can be considered inevitable. This can also be magnified by the fact that they can consider the other person as the only one that they can comfortable confiding their problems and every details of their life. For that matter, friendship becomes very important. Due to the perspective of friendship, there are those who approve and whose that disapprove developing friendship to another level, thus, they consider that man and woman cannot stay are friends. A more important view though is related to the attraction between the male and female. The attraction between the two sexes can be considered as the main reason that can hinder friendship. It is based on the perspective of the person. In relation to the fact that ‘sex part’ can be considered as a hindrance in friendship it can be considered true since as presented, the attraction between man and woman is inevitable. But there are other factors that should be considered. These factors also involve different forms of interpersonal relationship. VI. Does friendship strengthen the relationship of a man and a woman once they become a couple? Interpersonal relationship can be considered as a complicated process in the human interaction. But friendship according to those who experienced it, can attest to the fact that once the man-woman relationship is achieved, friendship strengthens the bond. The movie depicts the fact that sexual interaction can interfere but in the case of the couples who had been together through the adult years, friendship and deep understanding can be considered as the main framework of the relationship. Conclusion In the study that was conducted regarding interpersonal relationship and the scenarios presented in the film â€Å"When Harry Met Sally,† the fact that relationships with other people is a complex process. The most complicated of these relationships is that between a man and a woman. Due to their differences, they tend to be curious and attracted to each other. But they will soon learn that the opposite sex whom they found really different is in fact a complimentary half. A deeper relationship can then be developed towards friendship and even lifetime partnership. The query on the possibility of friendships between the sexes without considering attraction can be considered less important to the fact that through different levels of interpersonal communication between men and women, a deep understanding can be acquired. Reference Conville, Richard and L. Edna Rogers, eds. The Meaning of Relationship in Interpersonal Communication. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998. [1] Richard Conville and L. Edna Rogers, eds. The Meaning of Relationship in Interpersonal Communication. (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998). [2] Richard Conville and L. Edna Rogers, eds. The Meaning of Relationship in Interpersonal Communication. (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998).

Become a TA in Graduate School

Become a TA in Graduate School If you are preparing to go to graduate school, you may want to consider becoming a teaching assistant, or TA. An assistantship is a form of financial assistance provided to graduate students. They provide part-time academic employment and the school provides a stipend to the student. Teaching assistants  receive  a paid stipend and/or receive tuition remission (free tuition) in exchange for tasks they perform for a faculty member, the department, or the college. This defrays the cost of their graduate education​ but also means they are working for the college or university and have responsibilities as both a teacher and student. What Does a TA Get? The duties that a TA performs can vary according to schools, departments or what an individual professor needs.  Teaching assistantships provide aid in exchange for teaching activities, such as assisting a professor by conducting lab or study groups, preparing lectures, and grading. Some TAs may teach an entire class. Others simply assist the teacher. Most TAs put in about 20 hours per week.   While the discount or coverage of tuition is nice, a TA is a student at the same time. This means that he or she will have to maintain their own coursework load while providing TA duties. It can be a tough challenge to balance being both a teacher and a student! It can be hard for many TAs to do this, and to remain professional among students that are probably close in age, but the rewards of being a TA can be valued long after graduation. In addition to the financial perks, a TA receives the ability to interact with professors (and students) extensively. Being involved in the academic circuit provides extensive networking opportunities especially if the TA wants to eventually become an academic professional. The TA will have a valuable in for job prospects as they network with other professors. How to Become a Teaching Assistant Because  of the steep tuition discount, or complete tuition reimbursement, TA positions are coveted. Competition can be fierce in order to secure a spot as a teaching assistant. Applicants likely have to go through an extensive selection and interview process. After getting accepted as a teaching assistant, they typically undergo TA training.   If you are hoping to snag a spot as a TA, make sure you know about the application process early. This will help you develop a strong platform and application bid, and meet deadlines necessary to apply on time.   Other Ways to Defray Grad School Costs Being a TA isnt the only that grad students can also earn a tuition stipend. If you are more interested in conducting research as opposed to teaching, your university or college may offer the opportunity to become a research assistant.  Research assistantships pay students to assist a professor with his or her research, similar to the way that TAs help professors with classwork.

Indian space program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Indian space program - Essay Example However, there was another country, which made the dream of going to space its own, and this was a developing nation situated in Asia, known by the name ‘India.’ The Indians, although lagging in terms of national progress and technological advancement, still developed their own space technology and finally sent their first human to space shortly after the same was done by the former mentioned countries. Since then India has dedicated its time and efforts to strenuously enhance in the field of space technology and reach further heights, which decades ago, was not even imagined of. Pallava Bagla, one of India’s prominent science commentators, and author of ‘Destination Moon: India’s Quest for Moon, Mars and Beyond’ highlights that where it was the â€Å"US against the Soviets† in the last century’s space race, however, in the present century this space race means â€Å"India against China (Burke, 2013: 1). The topic of space travel and allied programmes in the context of the world in general and India in particular assumes great scope in the present day, as it may pave the way for future progress on various aspects. Besides, India is a nation that always strives to forge friendly relations with other countries, especially the UK and US. Therefore, it is also a topic relevant to the present global political environment. Literature Review: In order to gain extensive knowledge on the present space programmes in India and to attain an overall idea of their space capabilities, it is necessary to review the information by analysing the literature published on the topic in reliable sources. This, apart from providing evidence on the existing knowledge that the researcher possesses, will also enable to reveal additional aspects of the topic that the researcher may not be aware of. Therefore, a literature review has been conducted, which has enabled the research to gain the following information, which is arranged in different sections as under. Historical Background of Indian Space Programme: Indian Space Programme found its origins in â€Å"Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR),† which was formed under the â€Å"Department of Atomic Energy in 1962† (Outcome Budget of the Department of Space Government of India 2013: 1). The first official undertaking of the Indian Space Programme took place on an auspicious November day in the year 1963, with the launch of the â€Å"first sounding rockets† that aimed to investigate the earth’s ionosphere (Outcome Budget of the Department of Space Government of India 2013: 1). The launch took place at Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station, situated in Thiruvananthapuram, which is the capital city of a major south Indian state. Later on, in 1967, the â€Å"Experimental Satellite Communication Earth Station (ESCES)† was set up in â€Å"Ahmedabad† (Dadhwal 2013: 2). The year 1969 saw the transformati on of the space program into a concrete organization, which came to be known as the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). Thus, with the formation of the ISRO, India was able to take its space endeavours to the next level, and this was further enhanced with the constitution of the Indian Space Commission as well as the establishment of the Department of Space (DoS) in 1972. India owes the groundwork of its space endeavours to Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, â€Å"

Investigating business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Investigating business - Assignment Example It set an objective to introduce the theme park’s proven chainable brands internationally, such as Legoland Discovery Centers, Madame Tussauds and SEA LIFE. By constant monitoring its visitor satisfaction, Alton Tower sets targets of delivering memorable experiences to its fans, consolidating and embracing these opportunities (Merlin Entertainment, n.d). Alton Towers is one of Merlin Entertainments brands and UK’s number one Theme Park, with the thirty- eight million visitors. This leading short break resort offers an extensive range of rides, attractions, hotels, restaurants created and served  for the whole family to have fun together. Set in five hundred acres of the Staffordshire Moorlands, it has a significant importance on the well- being of the surrounding area (Alton Towers n.d.). The company strives to create a high growth international family entertainment institution, which will be able to provide its consumers with the wide  portfolio of its services. As its objectives, Alton. It set an objective to introduce the theme park’s proven chainable brands internationally, such as Legoland Discovery Centers, Madame Tussauds and SEA LIFE. The company positions its theme parks as short break destinations, because it will optimize the market reach and use of assets. By constant monitoring its visitor satisfaction, Alton Tower sets targets of delivering memorable experiences to its fans, consolidating and embracing these opportunities (Merlin Entertainment, n.d). The organizational structure of Alton Towers as a part of Merlin Entertainment Company consists of the Board of Managers located in Luxembourg. It provides recommendations to all operating companies, including Alton Towers and also make major decisions. However, the strategic decisions on the activities of all the divisions of the Merlin Entertainment are made by the Management Committee. The company is confident enough in ability

Research methods applied to the cyber crime like identity theft( use a Thesis

Research methods applied to the cyber crime like identity theft( use a proper name if you want) - Thesis Example Such developments has made communication a second’s task, where a large amount of data and information can be collected and used for a number of purposes easily. However, these developments can be seen as positive for human beings, but these can also be seen as a negative phenomenon. It is usually called as the â€Å"double edged sword†, where it has both bright and dark sides. Though computer and information technology has proved to be much useful for communication and business development, but it has also created new ways for doing illegal or criminal activities (Gordon, Hosmer, Siedsma, & Rebovich, 2003). A number of commercial websites are performing business activities online, or others using computers to gather and accumulate critical information in order to use it for business purposes. Such businesses have been nowadays facing the issues of misuse of information or other kinds of crimes with regard to the sensitive information. In order to combat these criminal and delinquent activities, they have to perform overwhelming, and expensive job of safeguarding their critical information, which can be used for delinquent actions. In these days, it is easier to do crime, as criminals are able to encode the data, which is showing some proofs against their delinquent actions, and also transfer such data regardless of having fear of being noticed from Police side or Law agencies. Such criminal activities has made it more complex to detect any corruption. As the internet has astonishing effects on this area, where it is being impossible to detect a person due to the fact that the crime can be held regardless of any geographical area. This situation has convoluted the enquiry of cybercrime to the greater extent (Gordon, Hosmer, Siedsma, & Rebovich, 2003). In this regard, there are a number of new studies and fields of a study are emerging, and among these a Cybercrime Science is such an evolving field of study targeting to thwart the

The Importance Of Water Treatment

The Importance Of Water Treatment Water is very important for human being and other living things. In human body, more than 70% are fluid such as blood and all these fluid are basically formed by water. Bone marrow needs water to generate blood then blood carries the oxygen from lung to whole body. Besides that, water can maintain humans body temperature and provide natural material with mineral. Water is not only essential for human body, it is also playing an important role in our daily life activities, examples like washing clothes and food, bathing for personal hygiene and acting as solvent for all cleaning reagent. Consequently, water industries refer to a problem solver in this situation. First of all, water industries are divided into three major types which are water purification, wastewater treatment and also the new type called desalination. For the water purification means purifying water to become the drinking water. Although natural water is drinkable for human but without any purification or method of killing gem, the natural water is harmful for human being nowadays. Purified water and natural water seems like no different when we look at it but sometimes we still smell the different, natural water might have some pungent smell. Natural water consists of a lot microorganism and bacteria inside it, just we cant observe it with our naked eyes. In addition, water pollution is getting serious thus purification is necessary to ensure the drinking water is clean and not harmful to our health. After that, another type of water industry which is very vital for the Mother of Nature is the wastewater treatment industry. Wastewater treatment refers to the processes of controlling the wastewater on Earth; this is the most important method to solve the water pollution. Wastewater is directing to the chemical wastewater from factories, wastewater from household and some water from polluted river or lake. The usage of wastewater treatment is to killing the gem/bacteria in the wastewater; remove solid impurities and odor smell. Irresponsible human behavior will make the wastewater treatment become more essential for the world. The new type of water industry is about the desalination. Desalination is a meaning of transforming the seawater or saltwater into pure water or drinking water. Due to the natural water on the land is getting lesser and the population of human is increasing, hence we found out a new method to produce normal water from seawater. Seawater source is so much on Earth, so this method is highly developing around the world. Seawater cannot consume by human because it consists of high salt component such as NaCl, this cause our body unaffordable to consume the seawater. Furthermore, we will discuss deeply about the process of water purification and desalination in this article. The importance of Desalination and water purification industry Water treatment process brings many importances to the society today. One of the importances of water treatment process is to ensure that water is more suitable to be used by industries and individuals. The purpose of water treatment process is to remove contaminations from water, so that it would be more suitable for it to be used. There are several processes that can be used to treat water such as filtration, disinfection that is majorly in use to clean water. Water is the key to a persons survival because without water survival is simply not an option. Hence, it is important to make sure water is purified in order to drink otherwise bacteria in the water can be harmful to your organs if drunk in normal consumption. According to a global research, a large number of people at their early ages die from water born diseases in most of the developing countries. Thus, it is very important to get the proper treatment of the water for a healthy living. Water treatment industry can be very helpful for the society today because they are saving the lives of many innocent human beings who die from fatal diseases such as cholera, typhoid which cause by consuming contaminated water. According to United Nations statistics, the worlds fresh water consumption since the 20th century increased by 6-7 times higher than the population growth rate of two times, around 1.4 billion people lack access to safe and clean drinking water, or an average of every 5 people who have a lack of water. So, the idea of desalination plays a major role to provide us the constant supply of water as the sea water is an unlimited resource. Sea water desalination process is actually done by converting salty sea water into fresh usable water. Further purification of the sea water after the desalination process can convert it into drinking water. These industries are important to ensure that there is enough water supply as the population is growing and growing rapidly. These are the major roles of the water treatment plants in. Water supply and demand Water is one of the most important resources in our life and it is the major Earths natural resources. However the freshwater supply in our earth is a control resource, which means the total amount of freshwater, is limited. Most of the worlds water supply is saltwater stored in the oceans. Converting saltwater to freshwater is generally too expensive to be used for domestic, industrial and other freshwater uses. About 97% of the water stored in the ocean is salt water. Only 3% of the worlds water supply is a freshwater where two-third out of the 3%, of that water is frozen, forming the polar ice caps, and icebergs. The remaining one-third of freshwater is available as either surface water or ground water; ground water accounts for two-thirds of this amount. Surface water is water that is visible above the ground surface, such as rivers, ponds and lakes. Ground water is water that either fills the spaces between soil particles or penetrates the cracks and spaces within rocks. The demand for water supply includes water consumption by the domestic, industrial, commercial and other sectors. In addition to this, the total amount of water that needs to be produced, and hence the total water demand includes provisions for water lost as a result of the leakages between the source (treatment plant) and the end users of consumers. Malaysia, like the rest of the world, is faced with a growing population. The population of Peninsular Malaysia will be more than double its size from 18.1 million in 2000 to 38 million in 2050 as reported in the National Water Resources Study (2000) thus the population growth and socio-economic development are currently driving a rapid increase in water demand. The government is now working on the creation of an industry structure to purified water that will ensure long-term sustainability of the water supply and sewerage services industry. Purified water is water from any source that is physically processed to remove impurities. Distilled water and deionised water have been the most common forms of purified water, but water can also be purified by other processes including reverse osmosis, carbon filtration, micro porous filtration. Prospect of water industry in Malaysia Nowadays, the water industry in Malaysia is filled of challenges. There is either too much, too little, polluted or inaccessible water to meet the needs of our nation. As the increasing of demand to the quality of life, peoples are pursuing for an abundance of safe, low cost and high quality water. Globally, more than 90% of water and sanitation systems are publicly owned and operated. However, a trend that industry experts acquired smaller utilities has been increasing. This phenomenon is called consolidation. There also was an increase in privatization-private companies that contract to operate or to purchase the public utilities. Moreover, many larger systems were investing in new testing and treatment methods. Under Malaysian conditions, erosion by water and the decay of nations of pipes that transport water into homes are the most significant. As pipes corrode, water pressure decreases and foreign materials such as bacteria and debris may enter the system. In order to reduce the negative health effects to humans, government officials flush out the water and add large doses of chlorine to eliminate contaminants. However, this is a short-term solution. Obviously, the countrys water-pipe system, much of which is over one hundred years old, needs a major overhaul. Increased privatization of the water system is being seriously considered to help alleviate the plight of countrys water as the government can receive funding for structural adjustment programs. This is because private water companies have a high potential of bringing efficiency, savings, and environmental responsibility to communities, cities and the country. Besides that, as we know that fresh water that is available for human use is just 1 percent of the total water supply, and that supply is dwindling as supply cannot keep pace with demand. Thus, the prospect of water industry may be focusing in the alternative to increase the freshwater. Since most of the earth water is seawater, desalination technology has arisen as a potential alternative to solve the problem of water shortage. Desalination has been present throughout the 125 countries and territories around the world, the worlds desalinated water to feed about 5% of the population. In fact, desalination is an excellent way to solve water shortage problems in many countries. This is indeed a strategic choice as its validity and reliability has been more widely recognized. Research indicates that the cost of producing water from desalination is often less than half that produced by the distillation method of processing water. Improvements in effienciency have led to reduce energy con sumption, cheaper processing costs and a superior product being produced. The Impact On the Environment As our world industrialised, water pollutions are getting serious. There are three main types of water pollutions caused by human activities, which are domestic sewage, industrial wastewater and agricultural wastewater. In these wastewaters, contain pathogens, detergents, toxic waste, chemical waste and heavy metals. These harmful chemicals not only poison aquatic organisms, also affect sources of drinking water, and pollute our environment. Toxic wastes, generally, are not easy to metabolise out of body of organisms. Wastes tend to bioaccumulate inside the organisms. The bioaccumulation of toxic wastes not only happen in single organism, but all members from food chains. The concentration of toxic wastes gets higher as the trophic level going up. Not only that, the agricultural wastewater contains fertilizer, pesticide and also the fungicide. These pollutants cause the eutrophication. It is caused by excessive nutrients in the wastewater, and it brings the algal blooms and red tide. These leads to fish kills as algaes consuming most of the oxygen in the water. In a nutshell, water pollution can lead to a lower biodiversity. The decrease of biodiversity means that the variation of life decreased, and it affects the balance of ecosystem. It is important to maintain the balance of ecosystem, species of organisms will decline if the ecosystem does not balance. It will be a bad circle. Water industry helps in collecting the wastewaters from different parts to the water treatment plants. Also, water industry helps in controlling the quality of water. Before discharging the wastewater back to our ecosystem, the water is treated so it reduces the effect toward the environment. It also improves the water quality which means that provides not only the better quality of life, and save the environment for the future. Furthermore, it maintains the balance of aquatic ecosystem. As the contaminated wastewater not flowing into river and the sea, the aquatic environment will be free of dangerous and toxic wastes. The world cannot stand without water industry. Water industry gives us a solution to the world, a hope to the future. Reverse Osmosis Reverse osmosis is one of the water purification method that is popular in water treatment industry. Just as its name implies, water goes on the osmosis process another way. Normally, the solvent, which is water will go through the semipermeable membrane that having many tiny pores, from low solute concentration side to the high solute concentration side. However, for the reverse osmosis, a pressure is applied on the high solute concentration part. The pressure can be drove by electricity or it may get from the pressure exchanger. Thus, water molecules are forced to pass through the membrane to the low solute concentration side. By this way, clean water can be collected on the other side. There are three common membrane materials, which are polyamide thin film composites (TFC), cellulose acetate (CA) and cellulose triacetate (CTA). In generally TFC membranes are stronger and more durable among these three membranes. CA and CTA give a better toleration to chlorine. For different purpose, specified membrane will be used. Reverse osmosis can be used in residential, commercial and industrial water filtration, also the seawater desalination. By this method, impurities in the water can be removed to clean water. These impurities include ions, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pesticides, and salts. This is because those impurities are larger than than the pores so they cannot pass through it. Water molecules are allowed to pass through the membrane as it is small enough. Impurities,yet will be left behind the membrane. The waste streams flow out and the pressure is high. Later, the streams go through the pressure exchanger to transfer the waste pressure to the low pressure fresh feed. Then, the low pressure fresh feed will be pressurised. The recycle of waste pressure can save the cost of running the reverse osmosis system. The water flowed out is now clean and ready for purpose of drinking or other uses. Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation Natural and waste water include small particulates. Coagulation and flocculation processes are intended to form particles large enough to be separated. The small particulates are suspended in water forming a colloid. The particles with the same charge repel with each other and this prevents them from combining into larger particulates to settle. Thus, some chemical and physical techniques are applied to help them settle. The phenomenon is known as coagulation. To assist in the removal of colloidal particles from suspension, chemical flocculation is required. The process water will then enter a flocculation chamber, where further chemicals may be added depending upon the raw water characteristics and the level of treatment to be achieved. Gentle mixing during this stage allows particles to agglomerate and form settleable flocs. Starch and multiply charged ions are often used. The dirty water is cleaned by treating with alum, Al2(SO4)3.12 H2O, and lime, Ca(OH)2. These electrolytes cause the pH of the water to change due to the following reactions: Al2(SO4)3.12 H2O, -> Al(aq)3+ + 3 SO4(aq)2- + 12 H2O SO4(aq)2- + H2O -> HSO4(aq)- + OH- (causing pH change) Ca(OH)2 -> Ca(aq)2+ + 2 OH- (causing pH change) The slightly basic water causes Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3 and Fe(OH)2 to precipitate, bringing the small particulates called flocs with them and the water becomes clear. Flocculation usually follows by sedimentation, the heavy floc particles settle to the bottom of treatment tanks, allowing for their separation from the water. It works best with relatively dense particles (e.g. silt and minerals), while flotation works better for lighter particles (e.g. algae, color). A big settling tank is needed so that it takes a long time to get through. Inlets and outlets are designed so the water moves slowly in the tank. Long and narrow channels are installed to let the water to snake its way through the tank. The settled particles, sludge, must occasionally be removed from the tanks. The water is next ready to be filtered. Sedimentation is used in pre-treatment and wastewater treatment. Thermal Distillation and Electrodialysis In the process of desalination, after the reverse osmosis, it comes to the thermal distillation process. Heat is used in the thermal distillation for desalination. It boils the salt water to causes the water to vaporize, at the same time, the salt is left behind. Most of the salt is sodium chloride (NaCl). After that, the vapor will moves to a second container to condensed and collected. The boiling process of water uses up a lot of fuel to make the salt water to vaporize so many alternative processes can be considered. These processes are called multistage flash distillation (MSF), multiple effect distillation (MED), and mechanical vapor compression distillation (MVC). All these process can reduce the energy that used to boil the water with reducing the waters boiling point by decreasing the waters vapor pressure. The mechanical vapor compression distillation (MVC) is a process which evaporates the sea or saline water is derived by the heat application delivered by compressed vapor. This process able to increase generate additional amount of vapor by using the latent heat during the condensation when the vapors compression increases both of the temperature and pressure of the vapor. The multistage flash distillation is a thermal process with the low temperature of obtaining fresh water by recovering the vapor of boiling sea water in a sequence of vessels, (called effects) each maintained at a lower temperature than the last. Due to the boiling point of the water reduced as the pressure reduced, the heat energy of the vapor boiled off from one vessel is able to heat the another vessel thus only the first vessel require the heat energy from other source to heat up the sea water. Furthermore, another process of desalination process is electrodialysis that used to separate the other ions and water ions by relying on the salt ions electrical charge. In this process, the water is pre-treated by reverse osmosis thermal distillation hence then transfer to a membrane stack. Two electrodes, a positive electrode located on one side of the stack and a negative one on the other, an electrical current is conducted through the water. The ions are attracted to the oppositely charged electrodes and flow through membranes that are designed to trap either the negatively charged ions (anions) or positively charged ions (cations). Once the ions are trapped, fresh water will filtered out. Filtration Water filtration improves the overall taste of tap water, appearance and smell. Water filters are design to remove several harmful chemicals found in drinking water. At the moment, there is no better way to make sure that the water you are drinking is clean. Compare the differences between a glass of tap water and bottled water. You will realize that tap water is cloudy and it smells like bleach. There are four stages involved in water purification process: 1. Pre-Filtration -Prevents large debris from entering the System 2. Sediment Filtration 5.0 Micron Sediment Filtration 3. Carbon Block Filtration Chemical removal and 0.5 Micron Filtration 4. Ultraviolet Treatment 99.9999% Elimination of Bacteria / Virus Ultraviolet exposure of 16,000 mw/cm2 or greater Pre-filtration is the first process of water filtration, it screens the water source starting from the point of entry. These pre-filter screens are connected to the inlet hose. This is important in preventing the filtration system that turns out to be plugged with rocks, faeces, mud and other large debris. Sediment Filtration is the second stage. In this stage, the water will pass through a sediment filter. In the sediment filter it gives five micron filtration and it expands the life of the carbon filter by eliminating invisible sediments that will impulsively block the filter. Sediment filtration would include the removal of dirt, mud, sand, scale, silt and other suspended solids in the water. Carbon block filtration is the third stage of the filtration process. This process has two different processes. The first process is called mechanical straining, carbon is compressed into a solid block of material. Each molecule of water is pushed through the microscopic pores of carbon that strain out substances efficiently. The second is called chemical bonding, it uses an activated carbon which has a trivial electro positive charge added to it, making bonding agents to impurities and chemicals even more attractive. When the water is pushed through the solid carbon block, it is forced to slow down and the increased quantity of contact time with carbon allows the carbon bonding to take place. The final stage of the filtration process is the ultraviolet treatment. After the water is cleaned by the carbon filter, the next step is to expose it to an extreme dosage of UV light. The UV light it produced will destroy microorganisms by changing their DNA structure. Aeration and Disinfection Aeration is a water treatment process where water is brought into the contact with oxygen. This is to increase the oxygen content in the water, to reduce the carbon dioxide content in the water, and to remove organic compounds such as methane, hydrogen sulphide and other volatile which is responsible for taste and odour of water. These will result in good drinking pure water. High iron and manganese content in water will cause a bitter taste. Aeration is widely used for the treatment of high iron and manganese contaminants water to convert the dissolved ferrous and manganese compounds into insoluble ferric and manganese hydroxides. These can be removed by sedimentation or filtration process. There are many instruments and systems designed to aerate wastewater. These range from simple floating splashes and rotors to high-maintenance diffused air systems using membranes and complex man folding and piping layouts. These systems are designed to inject oxygen to every part of the water. The end result is better than water treatment with higher removal rates of microorganism contamination. Disinfection is an important step in ensuring that water is safe to drink, and limiting the effects of organic materials, suspended solids and other contaminants. It destroys microorganisms that can cause disease in humans. Primary methods of disinfection are chlorination, chloramines, ozone, and ultraviolet light. Other methods include chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate, and nano filtration. Since certain forms of chlorine react with organic material naturally present in many water sources to form harmful chemical by-products. Common industrial method of disinfection is chlorination, where the chlorine gas is released to mix with water. The mixing and contact time must be provided after an injection to ensure complete disinfection of pathogens and other microorganism. Thus it kills microorganisms and it may be necessary to control the pH of the water. One chlorination had been done, the water will be finalized by some tests to make sure the water is neutral, clean and pure. Finally the water will be send to storage for the domestic, industrial, and commercial uses. Role of Chemical Engineer in the Water Treatment Industry Basically the role of a chemical engineer in a water treatment industry is mainly referring to the technical skills that the chemical engineers obtained because chemical engineers have to conduct the water treatment processes in the industry. Firstly, we talk about the role of chemical engineers before the process and industrial plant in the water treatment industry is formed. For a chemical engineer, the first mission has to do will be understood about the requirements of the water treatment industry to conduct a process with a specific industrial plant. For our case, the chemical engineer must know how to conduct a process of water purification to product drinking water. Chemical engineers must able to design an industrial plant which consists of different types of components to complete the process and get the desired product. The components that might involve in the plant are compressor, mixer, cooler, filter (separator). Furthermore, whether designing the plant, chemical engineer also may concerns about the chemical substances used within the process in the plant. The chemical substances added into the water along the process must not be harmful to consumers due to the water as output is the drinking water for human to consume. Some more, the costs for the substances and material used to build the plant and those components inside it must be save up to the lowest. Chemical engineers need to save the cost for the company and also form the product which is the drinking water with the highest efficiency. Besides that, chemical engineer has to evaluate the chemical process technology and equipment which suitable in the plant. The most important role of chemical engineer in this industry is determining the production specification. Once the plant completely designed, the most essential job that needs the chemical engineer to accomplish is establish and conduct quality control programs, operating procedures and control strategies to ensure consistency and adherence to standards for raw materials, products and waste products or emissions. When the process is running, there also something necessary for chemical engineer to provide checking for the plant and make a suitable maintenance on the processing units. Thus, chemical engineer is playing a very important character in the water treatment industry. Skills/Knowledge required by Engineer As an engineer, there are many skill and knowledge required to smoothen the task that have to conduct by engineer. The skill and knowledge required by engineer can be categories into six parts which are technical skill, computer literacy, communication skill, management/finance, international awareness and respect for diversity. Engineer requires the technical skill and knowledge to conduct and control the processing units in the plant. The technical skill is about the mathematics, chemistry, physics, mechanical and electrical knowledge. In the water industry, chemical engineers refer to separating dangerous materials from good water as a treatment train. At various stages in the multistage treatment process, unwanted constituents are separated using vacuum or pressure filtration, centrifugation, membrane-based separation, distillation, carbon-based and zeolite-based adsorption and advanced oxidation treatments Computers are used every day for communications, simulations, budgeting, monitoring controls and word processing hence the computer literacy is very important to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the simulations and assumption that did by chemical engineers. Before chemical engineers design a plant, they have to do some simulation by using some professional programs or software in the computer such as Aspen Technology Programs. Engineering involves working with others and communicating but not only deal with machines so that others able to understand and support the idea provided individually. Consequently, communication skill also must be trained by chemical engineers. When the time chemical engineers present their project or proposal, the others who listening and watching able to fully disgust what are the points and idea about. Management and finance are always the necessary knowledge for everyone in the society including engineers. Many decisions an engineer makes have business consequences. Understanding the business principle can help engineers become more effective. In finance aspect, chemical engineers require to know clearly how to manage a team because engineers can be leaders which work together with others. For the engineers, they are working in a global market requires an understanding of cultural, geographic, economics and environmental factors that influence the decision which made by engineers. International awareness means chemical engineers have to be caution with all the response and effect from the market around us. Lastly the respect for diversity, engineers regularly work in group setting so being able to interact effectively, professionally and respectfully with others will make you a more capable team player. A good engineer team leader must respect all the colleagues so that everyone can work together without any conflict. Conclusion In a conclusion Water treatment is an important processs in our modern life, due to the lack of natural fresh water and increase in population. Many new technology method has been introduce to water treatment industry nowdays. The raw sea water have to go through a certain number of processes strating with either reverse osmosis or thermal distillation to make it usable. Besides this two processes, an electrodialysis process method can also be used. A further water treament process need to be done to make it drinkable, the processes consist of coagulation method, followed by flocculation and sendimentation. A further filtration process is done and finally aeration and disinfection process will take palce before the water is kept in a storage. This processes can be used to make water more acceptable for a desired end-use. These can include use as drinking water, industrial processes, medical and many other uses. The goal of all water treatment process is to remove existing contaminant s in the water, or reduce the concentration of such contaminants so the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. One such use is returning water that has been used back into the natural environment without adverse ecological impact.